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In the Media

Home Research Thought Leadership In the Media

Power Leads to Anti-intellectual Behaviours

22 Aug 2018
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權力令人反智

最近反智的事情層出不窮。反智在此泛指違反常識、荒謬、指鹿為馬、把受眾當成儍瓜等等。在香港,港鐵公司在沙中線工程中錯漏百出,還涉及隱瞞真相,5個高層為此下台。

香港公共運輸業界龍頭爆出如此醜聞,實在令香港蒙羞,但願所有失誤都已揭露,亦有補救辦法,而不會對市民的安全造成威脅。至於內地,反智的事就更俯拾即是,筆者在此不妨加以俯拾一下。

土葬vs火葬

江西省為推行殯儀改革而廢除土葬,改為火葬,定於今年9月1日全面實施。為了達成這個任務,該省多處地方竟然發生暴力事件,政府人員強行銷毀當地人放在家裏備用的棺木,更有一新近土葬者,連遺體帶棺材被強行掘出,一併火化。

江西(以至全國各地)有一傳統習俗,就是生前為自己預備棺木,以備身後之用。及早為自己的最終歸宿安排妥當,不但心靈上得享安樂,更有長壽之功。對家人來說,能夠根據死者的意願安排後事,是他們至關重要的責任,他們亦可由此寬心。對執法人員的粗暴對待,他們的絕望處境可想而知。內地公安有如牲口主人的執法現象到底有多普遍,無疑頗堪玩味。

瘋子和女子

前不久發生了一宗少女董瑤瓊直播向大樓外牆上的習近平畫像潑墨事件。在長達一分多鐘的視頻中,該少女透露了時間、地點和目的,多次喊出「我以實名反對習近平的專制獨裁」,並批評其對她進行的「腦控」。事發後少女被送回老家湖南,關進精神病院,據說她父親認為女兒並沒有病,要求把她放出來。有記者向該所精神病院查問,回覆是這個不好說,因為與政治犯人有關云云。

這類公然對政府表達不滿的方式在民主社會司空見慣,也不會大受關注,但在中國內地出現,我們就不得不擔心當事人的安危。筆者不認為潑墨少女有精神病,但在內地,要像皇帝的新衣故事中小孩那樣直言不諱,是需要無比勇氣的——沒有激情、計較得失的人根本辦不到。精神健全的人對現狀不滿不敢吭聲,反而要靠「精神不健全」的人帶頭,未免可悲。

說到這裏,筆者又想到近期以兩個裸體女子為主角的視頻。一個媽媽和她幾歲大的兒子全身赤裸坐在街頭,媽媽時而站起來大聲呼喊,原來是兒子病重卻沒錢醫治,只有呼籲有心人幫忙。

在另一個視頻中,一個身材姣好的女子,全身赤裸,只穿着靴子,在機場大堂中義無反顧地來回踱步,背後跟着兩個女職員忙着拿大衣幫她蔽體,卻一直拿她沒法。細看原來裸女背部寫上一個大大的「冤」字。如果上述赤裸媽媽還有點騙財之嫌,則這個裸體呼冤女子這樣豁出去,其真心誠意就毫無半點可疑了。

劉霞終於如她所願到了德國居住。她在國內的生活起居被長期監視,原因只有一個:她是異見分子劉曉波的妻子。德國曾多次要求中國容許劉霞去德國養病,都不得要領。

最近中國終於讓步,多少因為要釋出善意,拉攏歐洲,對抗美國。對於同類事件中國人已經見怪不怪,但想深一層又相當弔詭。一個國家把無辜的公民視作人質,與外國討價還價,這到底是什麼一回事!

合同真與假

另一件令人啼笑皆非的事,是內地有關當局對藝人「陰陽合同」問題的回應。前不久有一名嘴崔永元聲稱,手上有多位藝人簽了這種合同的證據。陽合同是向政府和監管單位交代的合同;陰合同才是雙方有心遵守的合約。合同分陰陽,一般是為了避稅和繞過監管單位的規定。崔永元暗示這些藝員藉此辦法大舉逃稅。

筆者並不懷疑陰陽合約在演藝界普遍存在,也不懷疑其目的在於逃稅。但合約既由雙方共同訂立,彼此都有責任,為什麼現在矛頭單單指向明星一方?即使明星一方因避稅而獲益,也不能說另一方就沒有得到好處;反而其所獲好處可能更大。這在經濟學上稱為「稅收承擔」(tax incidence),原理不難理解。因此,只針對明星而放過製作公司,未免有誤導成分,既對明星一方有欠公允,也低估了民眾的智慧。

事件曝光之後,還衍生兩宗後續事件。第一,新浪網以「明星個稅翻將近7倍」為題,報道「自8月1日起,影視圈執行新稅制,稅率從原本最低6.7%左右,直接飆升到42%」。第二,三家視頻網站聯合六大影視製作公司聯手,對合約演員的薪酬設置上限。

關於第一點,簡化稅收政策是好事,但如果目的是要提高明星收入的有效稅率,對防止陰陽合同之舉,勢將適得其反。原因很簡單。首先,陰陽合同所以出現,如果目的就在逃稅,現在既然提高有效稅率,豈不是加強陰陽合約的誘因?第二點就更荒謬反智:限制明星薪酬,個別製作公司不能以合法方式提高薪酬來吸引明星簽約,不是更有誘因去陽奉陰違嗎?

權力令人反智,也並非香港和內地所獨有,美國這個民主國家也產生了特朗普這樣的總統。然而,不管我們如何不喜歡特朗普,他的政敵,乃至他任內革除的官員,都沒有任何一位下獄、被軟禁、或者關進精神病院;傳媒仍然可以繼續批評他。無疑他正在不斷地削弱美國的傳統民主自由制度,但筆者並不會替美國人過分憂慮,畢竟我們有我們自身的憂慮。
 

趙耀華 香港大學經濟及工商管理學院副教授
(本文同時於二零一八年八月廿二日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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