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In the Media

Home Research Thought Leadership In the Media
Platform Bias Creates Barriers to Digital Innovations

Platform Bias Creates Barriers to Digital Innovations

14 Nov 2024
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數字平台有偏見 草根經濟難創新

從近期中國內地網約車市場中,明顯看到像高德打車這一類聚合平台的崛起。一位入行不久的司機告訴我,一些自營模式的傳統平台歧視新手,給他們派的都是掙錢少的差單,好單則留給在平台工作已久的老司機,因此他們這些新司機,更喜歡在聚合打車平台接單。其實,平台偏心的現象,比比皆是。這可能是平台的市場定位造成,又或者由平台與廠商之間的利益分配關係釀成。只要擁有一定的壟斷權力,平台難免有偏見。關鍵的問題是,這種偏見是否會打擊廠商積極性,幷損害消費者的利益?

與此相關的一個議題,便是幾年前一度鬧得沸沸揚揚,有關亞馬遜這樣容納衆多第三方賣家的購物平台,應否禁止其銷售跟第三方賣家相近的産品。這個議題的提出者認爲,亞馬遜平台的推廣對賣家銷售起著舉足輕重的作用。若允許自營,平台一定會把更多流量分給自家産品,打壓第三方産品。如此厚此薄彼,勢必扭曲整個平台的生態,壓抑由中小賣家組成的草根經濟【注 1】。亞馬遜的辯護者則稱,平台構建生態聚集人氣的成本很高,應當允許其適度將流量商業化、資本化,而第三方賣家可以與平台簽訂合約,獲取平台的支持。在典型的購物平台上,商品的差异主要是水平差异,創新成分不明顯,所以平台偏見不會有顛覆性的結果。但對于創造性的産品,其差异主要是垂直差异,一家歡喜則意味另一家憂,平台偏見的殺傷力也就大不一樣。

産品垂直差异化、創新程度高的平台市場,最典型的例子就是數字文化産品,包括音樂、影視,乃至文藝作品。知名産業經濟學者、美國明尼蘇達大學教授Joel Waldfogel在2018年出版一本熱情洋溢的書,名爲《數字文藝復興》,禮贊數字平台對鼓勵草根創新的正面作用。他的觀點是,數字平台大大降低消費者的搜索成本,以及新産品進入市場的成本。一些在傳統市場乏人問津的長尾産品,在數字平台上却能很快找到知音,鎖定消費群【注 2】。這樣的生態有利于百花齊放,尤其讓知名度不高、但創造性强的文化工作者提供异軍突起的機會,而過去給埋沒的文藝寶石也可能復興。

筆者去年邀請Waldfogel教授到中國訪問,特別就數字文藝復興的問題與他進行探討。在他寫這本書的時候,文化數字平台的運營方式相對“消極”,主要目的是撮合消費者和生産者。但過去十年,平台運營日趨主動化,特別是在中國的數字文藝娛樂市場,平台的推送和操縱基本决定一部作品的命運。所謂流量爲王,能够逆“流”改命純屬神話。在這種情况下,平台的偏見便會主宰市場沉浮,决定産業創新。

筆者和哈佛大學商學院的朱峰教授以中國的網絡小說平台爲案例,研究了這個議題。在大多數的網絡小說平台,作者跟平台簽約有兩種方式:一種是平台買斷作品,另一種是作者與平台分成作品帶來的收益。前者接近平台自營模式,後者雷同第三方賣家,所以平台傾向于對其買斷的産品提供更多的流量扶持。若然把作品賣斷給平台,市場收益跟産品質量脫鈎,很多作者就選擇躺平,只迎合讀者口味灌水,放弃創新。也就是說,平台偏心的作品反而創新不够。我們的論文通過大量的微觀數據,展示這個矛盾如何在市場競爭加劇的情况下演變,以及對消費者和産業創新的影響【注 3】。

如何通過合理的機制設計來促使數字平台合理分配資源,已經成爲平台經濟研究的一個重要課題。平台短期獲益的行爲,往往成爲長期活力的阻礙。監管部門不僅要爲保護消費者權益來限制短期獲益的行爲,數字平台自身也要平衡好長短期的利益,才能促進平台經濟的良性發展。

 

【注 1】: Feng Zhu and Qihong Liu, “Competing with complementors: An empirical look at Amazon. com,” Strategic Management Journal, Volume 39, Number 10 (2018), 2618–2642
【注 2】:Joel Waldfogel, Digital Renaissance: What Data and Economics Tell Us about the Future of Popular Culture, (Princeton University Press, 2018)
【注 3】:Yanhui Wu and Feng Zhu, “Competition, Contracts, and Creativity: Evidence from Novel Writing in a Platform Market”, Management Science Volume 68, Issue 12 (December 2022), 8613-8634

 

吳延暉教授
港大經管學院經濟學、管理及商業策略副教授

(本文同時於二零二四年十一月十四日載於《FT中文網》「明德商論」專欄)

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