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In the Media

Home Research Thought Leadership In the Media
One Dollar, one Bag: Too much or Too little?

One Dollar, one Bag: Too much or Too little?

11 Jan 2023
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膠袋加價夠唔夠辣

新年伊始,本地消費者無論在超級市場還是便利店,如果要購買塑膠購物袋,要付出比之前貴一倍的價格。根據香港特區政府剛修訂的《產品環保責任條例》和《產品環保責任(塑膠購物袋)規例》,每個塑膠購物袋的收費由最低5角增至最低1元,並取消現時對盛載冰凍或冷凍食品的塑膠購物袋的豁免。這是自2009年推行塑膠購物袋收費計劃以來首次漲價,是項優化措施目的是減少對環境的污染。

從5角到1元,雖然價格翻倍,但有市民認為加幅不痛不癢,對制止濫用塑膠購物袋難以奏效。早前也有議員在立法會會議上提出加價至2元,但其決議案被否決。到底應該如何對塑膠購物袋收費,才能達到保護環境的目標呢?

公共物品不比商品

假設環境是一件商品,把對環境的污染比作對環境這種商品的消費,那麼有消費就有價格。可是環境與其他商品不同,消費一盒朱古力只會影響購買者本身的利益,得享口福之餘,或有體重增加的煩惱;消費塑膠製品卻不僅影響購買者本身的利益,例如攜帶方便,也會影響到其他人和物種的利益。人類從1950年代開始生產的塑膠製品高達630億噸,其中只有9%被回收,12%被焚化,剩餘的79%都成為白色污染(white pollution)。這些白色污染被遺棄在土地和海洋裏,不僅成為讓海豹窒息而死的兇手,也化為極其微小的塑膠顆粒,進入生物體內,甚至出現在我們的餐桌上【註1】 。

在經濟學中,環境被稱為「公共物品」(public goods),經消費後形成界外效應(externality)。正如汽車廢氣的界外效應是損害非駕駛者的健康,塑膠製品的界外效應則損害非塑膠製品使用者以及連塑膠製品都不知為何物的動物的利益。

那麼,為公共物品定價時,就不僅要考慮購買者本身的利益,也應計算界外效應的大小,更要釐清誰應該為此埋單。

應由誰來付鈔?

經濟學認為帶來界外效應的一方應該埋單。那麼,塑膠製品消費者理應為塑膠製品產生的污染埋單。世界上包括中國在內的30個國家在境內對使用塑膠袋的消費者強制收費【註2】,但需要為污染埋單的只有消費者麼?消費者走進商店,若所有商品都用塑膠包裝,就沒有購買環保包裝的選擇,可見要求消費者單獨為白色污染埋單毫不公平;總值高達3.75萬億美元的塑膠製品產業鏈【註3】,包括生產、使用和銷售塑膠製品的所有企業,一律應共同負責。日本、澳洲和意大利等為數共43個國家,要求生產塑膠製品的企業負責清理、回收和循環再用【註2】。世界知名企業包括可口可樂、寶潔、麥當勞以及本港品牌莎莎也主動宣布減少或禁用不可回收的塑膠包裝,取而代之以可回收或可重複使用的材料【註1】。香港特區政府也正在籌備推展「塑膠飲料容器生產者責任計劃」,要求生產商承擔收集塑膠飲料容器的責任。筆者期待政府出台更有效的政策,以助更多企業承擔起減少塑膠包裝對環境污染的責任。

怎樣定價才算合理

確定了由誰來埋單,那麼價格應該是多少才合理呢?商品的價格與其價值密切相關。要是純粹考慮塑膠製品對於環境的污染,當然應立即予以禁止,但眼下塑膠製品無處不在,例如超市裏的雞蛋盒到辦公桌上的滑鼠,甚至是每天使用的牙膏牙刷。塑膠之所以被廣泛使用,因為輕便耐用,具備良好的密封性。生產一公斤以石油或天然氣為原料的原生塑料(virgin plastic)會排放2至3公斤的二氧化碳,與生產同等重量的鋼鐵所排放的二氧化碳相當【註1】。

不過,同樣的產品,消費者會選用輕便的塑膠還是笨重的鋼鐵呢?如果一味污名化塑膠,對塑膠製品定價過高,消費者和廠商被迫使用性能較差或者不方便的材料,給生產和生活帶來的成本也不容忽視。

試想一下,如果超市裏的食品被禁止使用塑膠包裝,食品保存期會大大縮短,變質的食品不僅有損健康,丟棄的食品也會釀成大量浪費,對環境帶來更嚴重的污染。

定價不僅涉及公平地釐定塑膠製品的價值,還要公平地顧及塑膠製品的消費者。經濟學利用價格敏感度來量度漲價與消費者購買量的關係。相比於低收入的消費者,高收入者對於膠袋從5角提高至1元並不敏感。

如果只通過五花八門的方式來「懲罰」購買膠袋的消費者,那麼被罰的可能大多是低收入一群,而導致低收入消費者為白色污染埋單,高收入消費者則坐享其成。

如何讓不同收入的消費者公平地分擔環境責任,也是定價塑膠製品的考慮因素。同一道理,政府在制定生產者責任計劃之際,也需要考慮徵收塑膠製品污染稅對不同企業的影響,「一刀切」未免扼殺搖籃中的中小企業。

為後世着想

小小一個塑膠袋,看似簡單,其定價卻大有講究。關鍵繫於化繁為簡,回到2009年香港特區政府對塑膠袋徵費的初衷,用意不在於懲罰消費者,更不是為了增加財政收入。

無論收費5角抑或1元,都是為了提醒消費者,濫用膠袋會污染共同生活的環境,今日的資源浪費將嚴重威脅子孫後代的生存。

只要我們改變消費習慣,少用一個塑膠袋,循環再用購物袋,不濫用,不浪費,我們的天空會更藍,我們孩子的笑容會更加燦爛。

 

註1:”Too much of a good thing”, The Economist, 3 March 2018, page 55–57.

註2:”Legal Limits on Single-Use Plastics and Microplastics: A Global Review of National Laws and Regulations”, United Nations Environment Program, 5 December 2018.

註3:”Lacking flexibility”, The Economist, 27 July 2019, page 58.

 

范亭亭博士
港大經管學院市場學高級講師

(本文同時於二零二三年一月十一日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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