logo
  • Global Presence
  • About Us
        • About us about us
        • A Premier Business School in Asia with Global Influence
        • Overview
          • Message from the Dean
          • Vision & Mission
          • Milestones
          • Partnerships & Global Network
          • Beta Gamma Sigma HKU Chapter
          • Rankings & Accreditations
          • Corporate Collaboration
        • Leadership
          • Faculty Management
          • International Advisory Council
        • Our Stories
        • Contact Us
        • Staff Portal
        • Campuses
  • Programmes
        • Programmes programmes
        • Diversified Learning Experience Empowers our Students
        • Undergraduate
        • Masters
          • MAA
          • MAcct
          • MCGRM
          • MEcon
          • MFWM
          • MFin
          • MFFinTech
          • MGM
          • MSAF
          • MSc(BA)
          • MScMktg
          • MWM
        • MBAs & EMBAs
          • MBA
          • IMBA
          • HKU EMBA
        • PhD
        • Executive Education
        • DBA
  • People
        • People people
        • International Faculty Body that Offers Quality Education
        • Faculty
        • Post-Doctoral Fellows
        • Demonstrators/ Teaching Assistants
        • Research Postgraduate Students
        • Administration
  • Research
        • Research research
        • Lead the Frontier of Knowledge Creation
        • Thought Leadership
          • Latest Research Publications
          • HKEJ Column
          • FT Chinese Column
          • In the Media
        • Academic Areas
        • Faculty Members
        • Research Grants
        • Seminars & Conferences
          • Edward K Y Chen Distinguished Lecture Series
        • Research Centres & Institutes
        • Hong Kong Macroeconomics Forecast
        • HKU Knowledge Exchange
        • HKU Scholars Hub
        • Shenzhen Research Institutes
  • Events
  • Media
        • Media media
        • Inspire the Society and Community with Rigorous Insights
        • School News
        • In the Media
        • Press Release
  • Career
        • Career career
        • Fostering Strategic Partnerships and Talent Development
        • Recruit our Talents
        • Student Career Development
        • Career Opportunities
          • Faculty Recruitments
          • HKU Career Site
  • 繁
  • 简
Type To Search
logo
Type To Search
  • Global Presence
  • About Us
        • About us about us
        • A Premier Business School in Asia with Global Influence
        • Overview
          • Message from the Dean
          • Vision & Mission
          • Milestones
          • Partnerships & Global Network
          • Beta Gamma Sigma HKU Chapter
          • Rankings & Accreditations
          • Corporate Collaboration
        • Leadership
          • Faculty Management
          • International Advisory Council
        • Our Stories
        • Contact Us
        • Staff Portal
        • Campuses
  • Programmes
        • Programmes programmes
        • Diversified Learning Experience Empowers our Students
        • Undergraduate
        • Masters
          • MAA
          • MAcct
          • MCGRM
          • MEcon
          • MFWM
          • MFin
          • MFFinTech
          • MGM
          • MSAF
          • MSc(BA)
          • MScMktg
          • MWM
        • MBAs & EMBAs
          • MBA
          • IMBA
          • HKU EMBA
        • PhD
        • Executive Education
        • DBA
  • People
        • People people
        • International Faculty Body that Offers Quality Education
        • Faculty
        • Post-Doctoral Fellows
        • Demonstrators/ Teaching Assistants
        • Research Postgraduate Students
        • Administration
  • Research
        • Research research
        • Lead the Frontier of Knowledge Creation
        • Thought Leadership
          • Latest Research Publications
          • HKEJ Column
          • FT Chinese Column
          • In the Media
        • Academic Areas
        • Faculty Members
        • Research Grants
        • Seminars & Conferences
          • Edward K Y Chen Distinguished Lecture Series
        • Research Centres & Institutes
        • Hong Kong Macroeconomics Forecast
        • HKU Knowledge Exchange
        • HKU Scholars Hub
        • Shenzhen Research Institutes
  • Events
  • Media
        • Media media
        • Inspire the Society and Community with Rigorous Insights
        • School News
        • In the Media
        • Press Release
  • Career
        • Career career
        • Fostering Strategic Partnerships and Talent Development
        • Recruit our Talents
        • Student Career Development
        • Career Opportunities
          • Faculty Recruitments
          • HKU Career Site
港大經管學院
  • Global Presence
  • About Us
    • Overview
      • Message from the Dean
      • Vision & Mission
      • Milestones
      • Partnerships & Global Network
      • Beta Gamma Sigma HKU Chapter
      • Rankings & Accreditations
      • Corporate Collaboration
    • Leadership
      • Faculty Management
      • International Advisory Council
    • Our Stories
    • Contact Us
    • Staff Portal
    • Campuses
  • Programmes
    • Undergraduate
    • Masters
      • MAA
      • MAcct
      • MCGRM
      • MEcon
      • MFWM
      • MFin
      • MFFinTech
      • MGM
      • MSAF
      • MSc(BA)
      • MScMktg
      • MWM
    • MBAs & EMBAs
      • MBA
      • IMBA
      • HKU EMBA
    • DBA
    • PhD
    • Executive Education
  • People
    • Faculty
    • Post-Doctoral Fellows
    • Demonstrators/ Teaching Assistants
    • Research Postgraduate Students
    • Administration
  • Research
    • Thought Leadership
      • Latest Research Publications
      • HKEJ Column
      • FT Chinese Column
      • In the Media
    • Academic Areas
    • Faculty Members
    • Research Grants
    • Seminars & Conferences
      • Edward K Y Chen Distinguished Lecture Series
    • Research Centres & Institutes
    • Hong Kong Macroeconomics Forecast
    • HKU Knowledge Exchange
    • HKU Scholars Hub
    • Shenzhen Research Institutes
  • Events
  • Media
    • School News
    • In the Media
    • Press Release
  • Career
    • Recruit our Talents
    • Student Career Development
    • Career Opportunities
      • Faculty Recruitments
      • HKU Career Site

In the Media

Home Research Thought Leadership In the Media
New Form of Security In The Blockchain Era

New Form of Security In The Blockchain Era

29 Mar 2023
Share on TwitterShare on FacebookShare on WhatsappShare on LinkedInShare on Email
區塊鏈時代的證券新形態

證券型代幣發行(Security Token Offering;簡稱STO)指在符合證券市場的監管要求下,利用日新月異的區塊鏈技術,將股票、房地產、古董等有形和無形資產代幣化的一種企業融資途徑。

證券型代幣的底層技術是區塊鏈,以此進行的每項交易都屬匿名,並公開記賬,所用代幣標誌對有關資產或證券的擁有權。所有STO交易都會儲存於數碼交易分類賬中,以免資料遭任意篡改,既高度透明,也高度安全。

為證券定義

1946年美國證券交易委員會起訴Howey公司,最高法院裁定,一項投資是否屬於「證券」,必須具備4項條件:一、金錢形式進行的資產投資;二、預期從中獲得收益;三、資金投放於共同業務(common enterprise);四、收益通過發行人或第三方收取。這就是著名的豪威測試(Howey Test),其對今日推展虛擬資產市場發揮舉足輕重的作用。

證券型代幣作為投資產品,通常符合上述標準,而發行人的收益、現金流或資產份額的證券型代幣,無論採用何種合約形式,實質上都屬於證券範疇,受證券法約束。

投資快車道

現時投資者通常只能透過購買公司的股份或證券來投資。有了STO,投資者的組合可以更多元化,即使擁有權不易轉移的資產,如私人債務及股份、名畫等,可經代幣化分割成可買賣的數目,以代幣的形式進行交易。以一幅價值400萬美元的名畫為例,代幣化後將擁有權分為4000份,每份價值變為1000美元,就可讓一般投資者也能入場。

STO的衍生能夠提升資產的流動性,資產擁有人及代幣發行人可利用其多元化特點向不同人士集資,令資金較少的零售投資者也可參與其中,投資風險及成本亦可降低。

STO的集資作用與首次公開招股相近,同樣受法規監管,但企業要透過後者上市,有更嚴格的財務要求及經營條件。STO則與實體資產掛鈎,讓企業將物業、知識產權等傳統資產代幣化,繼而在數碼交易所上市,或為區塊鏈相關項目融資。

對於資產擁有者而言,STO使其非流動性資產得以在線上交易,發揮分布式分類賬技術(distributed ledgertechnology)的優勢來募集資金。如果沒有數碼化,則很難將擁有權分散到不同投資者手中。對初創企業而言,STO提供了門檻較低的融資方式,有利於小型或新成立的企業。證券型代幣的另一優勢在於可保存全部擁有權紀錄,為發行人提供資產擁有者的完整紀錄,因而也便於監管。對投資者而言,不但可選擇不同種類資產,而且得以受惠於透明度高的資產規格和估價告。

合規挽信心

至於常與STO相提並論的首次代幣發行(Initial Coin Offering;簡稱ICO)則不受監管,發起人只需以白皮書列明集資目的,不需任何抵押品便能集資,投資風險甚大。況且因不受各國金融機構監管,若受詐騙,就可能永難追回投資。2019年10月到2020年3月,美國聯邦貿易委員會錄得570宗加密貨幣投資詐騙個案,受害人合共損失750萬美元;2020年同期,損失金額已飆升至超過8000萬美元。

STO的虛擬貨幣有實體資產支持,可算是ICO的進化版。這種發行方式利用區塊鏈的集資優勢,在受監管環境下運作,可藉此從加密貨幣騙局陰影中挽回投資者的信心。目前香港對STO的規管,由證券及期貨事務監察委員會(證監會)負責,早在2019年3月已發表聲明,清楚指出:「在證券型代幣屬於『證券』的情況下,任何人如要推廣及分銷證券型代幣(不論是在香港或以香港投資者為對象),除非獲得適用的豁免,否則須根據《證券及期貨條例》就第1類受規管活動(證券交易)獲發牌或註冊。」

當然,STO在實際運作上不無挑戰。雖然許多類型的資產可以代幣化,但投資者卻難以釐定這些虛擬資產的內在價值(intrinsic value)。區塊鏈技術易受監管政策的改變所影響,證券型代幣的價值可能隨之大幅波動,或令投資者蒙受損失。再者,證券型代幣在設計和結構上獨一無二,因而很難找到適用於估值的參考代幣。回報既難以確定,部分投資者難免卻步。

監管補漏洞

從監管機構的角度來看,加密貨幣的一大問題在於買賣雙方沒有進行客戶身份識別,交易可能未受到反洗錢、反恐融資的持續監控。STO在高速而全天候情況下進行交易,營運商實施全面客戶身份識別或反洗錢、反恐融資追蹤並不容易。特區政府理應在不妨礙交易效率的前提下,盡快建立相關監控機制,以補不足。

為引入對虛擬資產服務提供者的發牌制度,去年12月立法會通過《2022年打擊洗錢及恐怖分子資金籌集(修訂)條例草案》,預計2023年6月起,任何未獲特區政府發牌的虛擬資產服務提供者將不准在本港活動,範圍涵蓋去中心化交易所及中心化交易所,以及非同質化代幣(Non-Fungible Token)。由於買賣代幣的匿名及高速性質,其中涉及的合規(compliance)成本偏高。

在現行監管機制下,證券型代幣及其他虛擬資產的對象主要為專業投資者。虛擬資產和證券型代幣作為新興資產,有助於香港鞏固作為領先的集資、交易和資產管理中心的地位,從而吸引更多專業投資者繼續在本港投資。

跨地域展望

香港應考慮發展數碼貨幣和電子支付的測試平台,以便支援證券型代幣的簡易交易。具體而言,未來證券型代幣交易可採用數碼貨幣和電子支付方式進行結算,進一步奠定特區作為首要離岸人民幣中心的地位,促進人民幣國際化。

在大灣區設立的私人財富和私募股權基金,可根據各類互聯互通計劃進行證券型代幣交易,讓區內的資本可進入本港的證券型代幣交易市場,並提高集資的流動性。此外,香港亦可利用虛擬資產交易平台,致力成為中央銀行數碼貨幣(Central Bank Digital Currency)全球外匯結算中心。

歸根究柢,資產代幣化可從根本上改變傳統金融的融資方式,投資者及機構得以從完全數碼化的金融工具中獲益。儘管證券型代幣採用區塊鏈技術,但與加密貨幣以至其他代幣相比,則更接近於傳統證券,然而在監管方面,仍有改善的空間。由於這些資產可在全球區塊鏈輕鬆移轉,因此各國必須及時加強其發行及流動性機制。證券型代幣的交易活動跨越國界,有賴全球相關機構通力合作,予以更有效的監管。

 

謝國生博士
港大經管學院金融學首席講師

何敏淙先生
香港大學附屬學院講師

(本文同時於二零二三年三月二十九日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

How China Keeps Putting Off Its 'Lehman Moment'26 Mar 2023
University Enrolment Expansion brings Hong Kong Multiple Advantages5 Apr 2023
Trending
Innovation Strategy Common Ground – from Poverty Alleviation to International Web3 Centre
Innovation Strategy Common Ground – from Poverty Alleviation to International Web3 Centre
Prof. Joseph CHAN
Hong Kong has long been successful in its four pillar industries, comprising trading and logistics, financial services, professional and producer services and tourism. According to the research by the HK government, they contributed close to 60% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and almost half of the total employment before COVID. However, all these four pillars have encountered the decline in their respective area – resulting from the rapid change in market need & user behavior, regional and global competition, the development in new value-chain and advanced technology, as well as geo-political environment. As a solution, ‘innovation’ has been introduced to address these pain-points of Hong Kong. The question to ask, how should we develop the innovation strategies – instead of coming up ideas for the sake of ‘innovation’? In this article, we will discuss how innovation strategy could be approached from the perspective of poverty alleviation to Web3 industry development – two topics sound not-related, but their common ground might give us the insight on how we could find the development path of Hong Kong.
14 May 2025
Faculty
Gambling with Tariffs: A Losing Proposition for All
Gambling with Tariffs: A Losing Proposition for All
Dr. Maurice K.S. TSE
關稅豪賭  只有輸家 國際貨幣基金組織在上月發表的《世界經濟展望》,將全球經濟增長預測從今年 1 月的 3.3% 顯著調低至 2.8%。報告指出,中國和印度將成為推動全球經濟增長的主要動力,預計未來5年貢獻比例分別為 23%和超過15%;而美國因其關稅政策的不確定性,對全球經濟的貢獻率遭下調至 11.3%。
7 May 2025
Faculty
Dr-Maurice-Tse_2019
About Author
Dr. Maurice K.S. TSE

Principal Lecturer

Sign up for upcoming news and events
LinkedIn WeChat Instagram Facebook Weibo Twitter YouTube

©2025, HKU Business School. All Rights Reserved. | Privacy Policy | Web Accessibility Statement