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In the Media

Home Research Thought Leadership In the Media

Negative Contribution of Carrie Lam’s New Initiatives on Housing

11 Jul 2018
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房策新措施 林鄭負貢獻

6月29日,特首林鄭月娥上任快將一年;當天政府公布6項房屋政策新措施,目標是:

一、令公營出售房屋(包括居屋、「綠置居」和計劃中的港人首次置業)更可負擔;

二、增加公營房屋供應,並加強支援過渡性房屋供應;

三、鼓勵一手私人住宅單位盡早推出市場。她還重申:「政府會繼續盡最大努力去扭轉今日房屋供不應求、樓價飆升的局面。」

立場搖擺 難以入信

首先,以正視聽,翻查紀錄,2017年12月22日,香港電台訪問林鄭有關她首份《施政報告》(2017年10月發表)的房屋政策;在訪問中,她澄清:「無講過要扭轉樓價上升嘅局面……樓價上升真係無辦法由政府遏抑……」(訪問短片見:http://news.rthk.hk/rthk/ch/component/k2/1371372-20171222.htm)。

為公平起見,以下摘自行政長官2017年《施政報告》第141段:「今日房屋供不應求、樓價飆升、既有外圍的因素,也有種種內部成因。本屆政府有決心並會盡最大努力去扭轉這局面。」(https://www-policyaddress-gov-hk.eproxy2.lib.hku.hk/2017/chi/policy_ch05.html)

以上兩句從上文下理清晰顯示此一訊息:本屆政府有決心並會盡最大努力去扭轉今日房屋供不應求、樓價飆升的局面。但她是特首,官字兩個口,有能耐把其中意思扭曲為:「無講過要扭轉樓價上升嘅局面……樓價上升真係無辦法由政府遏抑。」

林鄭不單只有「過人」之處,還有「過官」之處,因為她有3個口,她現在竟然又說:「正如我在去年10月首份《施政報告》中表示……特區政府會繼續盡最大努力去扭轉今日房屋供不應求、樓價飆升的局面。」昨天的林鄭打倒前天的林鄭,而今天的她又打倒昨天的她。

可以預期,明天的她又會打倒今天的她。網上流行說「認真你就輸了」,林鄭可謂作出完美真人示範。自此之後,我相信大家對她的政策(不單房屋政策)會信心盡失,因為她一而再、再而三地反口覆舌,別人又怎會認真對待。

政策虛招 無助解困

她的房屋政策其實十分馬虎。假設她目前的版本是真的,可惜卻找不到她有任何房策措施「去扭轉……樓價飆升的局面」,她的房屋政策反而以置業為主導。不過,增加置業率對扭轉樓價飆升於事無補,因為置業率提升,多了業主,將有更多人反對政府制訂政策(包括房屋和土地政策)令樓價下降、物業貶值。

況且,現時樓價既已極難負擔,加上樓價下行風險甚高,在此時鼓吹小市民置業,可說是極不負責任的所為。

上屆政府引入「白居二」和「綠置居」先導計劃;為免在房屋政策上交白卷,林鄭月娥把此兩項計劃恒常化,變成她的政績。「白居二」放寬二手居屋市場,讓更多合資格買家購買二手居屋,增加二手居屋需求。

另一方面,「白居二」無助於增加二手居屋,反而只會進一步令二手居屋漲價,與「政府盡最大努力去扭轉樓價飆升的局面」自相矛盾。

二手居屋流通性低,因為一手居屋一向以市價七折定價(這只是籠統說法,實際定價與折扣價時有偏差),亦即一手居屋業主只向政府購入70%業權,而政府則保留30%業權。因此,一手居屋業主不能自由放售或出租他們的單位,除非向政府補回30%市價(俗稱「補地價」),這無疑是一筆可觀數目,令很多一手居屋業主卻步,以致妨礙居屋單位在二手市場流通。此問題既由補地價造成,補地價市價百分率愈高,問題就愈嚴重。

「綠置居」的定價低於居屋一折,如果業主向政府補地價,便要比居屋業主多付10%市價,二手「綠置居」的流通性也就更低。

房策新措施的其中一項是,令公營出售房屋更可負擔。在新措施下,居屋以七折定價可降為以五二折定價,而「綠置居」的定價仍然低於居屋一折。

將來居屋和「綠置居」業主面對的補地價金額就更高昂,而他們的單位則更難在二手市場流通。當然,這是後話,聰明的林鄭着眼的是當前的事。

最近,政府估計發展商整體持有約9000個單位。現時樓價極難負擔,發展商卻奇貨可居,實在非常政治不正確。

重點錯置 適得其反

房策新措施之一是,向發展商徵收空置稅,一手私人住宅單位空置(未作居住或出租)一年或以上,一律視為空置單位,須向政府繳付單位應課差餉租值的兩倍(約為兩年租金或5%樓價),政府稱之為「額外差餉」;「額外差餉」出於我在〈樓市用錯藥 降溫需換藥〉一文提出的「超差餉」(又稱「超級差餉」)(http://mechanism-design.blogspot.com/2016/12/blog-post_21.html)。

很可惜,「額外差餉」只有「超級差餉」的形,卻沒有它的神,因為發展商只要轉售為租,便可輕易免繳「額外差餉」(有興趣的讀者可瀏覽我的網誌https://mechanism-design.blogspot.com/,內有文章論述如何正確使用「超級差餉」)。

發展商更很可能重新部署,先把單位放租,再靜待時機放售;結果是放租單位比例上升,放售單位則比例下降。林鄭的房屋政策以置業為主導,但「額外差餉」卻令發展商降低放售單位比例,未免又再自相矛盾。

樓價極難負擔是大家最關注的問題,政府亦不斷大喊「房屋問題重中之重」的政治口號;但林鄭卻說漏了嘴,抵賴「講過要扭轉樓價上升嘅局面」,還斷言「樓價上升真係無辦法由政府遏抑」。以這樣的態度制訂房屋政策,難怪她的房策措施互相矛盾。她上任特首剛過一年,在房屋政策上不只交白卷、零貢獻,更是負貢獻,令人十分失望。
 

程騰歡 香港大學經濟及工商管理學院副教授、丹麥Aarhus大學經濟學及商業經濟學系客座教授
(本文同時於二零一八年七月十一日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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