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In the Media

Home Research Thought Leadership In the Media

Let Taxi Drivers Operate in Differentiated Groups to Improve Service Quality

6 Jun 2018
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讓的士司機們自我組隊提升服務素質

近年的士服務素質下降是事實。根據交通諮詢委員會屬下交通投訴組的年報及季報,2004年交通投訴組接獲有關的士服務的投訴為5291宗,2017年激增兩倍,達10759宗。對於這十幾年間投訴個案激增,我毫不訝異。的士服務素質每況愈下,是長期供求失衡和過度監管的後果。

讓我們做一個粗略的供求分析。假定開始時定價與均衡價格相若,亦即在這個價格下,的士服務的供應量與需求量相若。在自由市場,一旦需求增加而出現供不應求的情況,價格就會上調,影響所及,一方面會鼓勵供應者增加服務,一方面則遏抑需求量,以至供應量與需求量再次相若為止。如果供應量未能增加,只有需求量可調節,就要較大幅上調價格,才能使供求回復平衡。

服務素質日降遠因

如果價格不能上調,服務素質就會下降。透過調低服務素質,生產成本下降,供應者會提供多些服務量;服務素質下降,同時趕走部分需求量,以至供應量與需求量相若為止。要是供應量不能增加,素質則需較大幅下調,才能恢復供求平衡。

香港的士的數目由政府釐定;調整收費一般由業界提請,透過協商,由政府定案。就是說,供應量和價格都是官定的。基於價格不能隨便調整,一旦需求增加,素質就會下調,直至供應量與需求量相若為止。因為官定的士牌數目不能隨便調整,供應量不能增加,素質就需要較大幅下調,以達供求平衡。

的士發牌量冰封幾近20年。1998至2015年間,政府沒有增發的士牌,數目一直維持在18138個,其中市區的士佔15250個、新界2838個、大嶼山50個;及至2016年,政府才增發25個大嶼山的士牌。

2015年12月,政府就大嶼山的士牌照公開招標的新聞稿,清楚指出發牌政策的考慮因素:

政府的既定政策是按需要發出新的士牌照,考慮因素包括巿民對的士服務的需求、的士業的經營狀況,以及的士數目增加對交通情況可能造成的影響。

發言人說:「根據調查和公眾意見,現時大嶼山的士所提供的服務應未能滿足需求。此外,考慮到大嶼山未來的發展,以及大嶼山人口和遊客數目的增長,均會對大嶼山的士服務帶來更大的需求,政府決定增發25個大嶼山的士牌照。」

為什麼只增發大嶼山的士牌照?難道人口和遊客數目的增長都只集中在大嶼山?其實香港其他地區的人口和遊客數目也增長不少。從【表】中可見,近20年來幾個與的士有關的指標在過去20年間的變化:1998至2017年,本港人口增長近13%,實質人均收入增加高於78%,訪港旅客大幅攀升逾475%。單看這些因素,的士需求量理應增加不少。期內,雖然的士服務收費時有上調,起錶收費增幅明顯高於通脹,跳錶收費的升幅也只是稍微高於通脹。

表

值得強調的是,如果的士供應量不能增加,車費就需要較大幅上調才能使供求平衡。如果車費不能上調,服務素質就會下降。如果車費和的士供應量都不能增加,服務素質就需要較大幅下調才能達致供求平衡。

改進服務兩項善策

私家車登記數量佐證港人對的士服務的需求。的士和私家車替代性很高。實際上,對一般人來說,乘坐的士比擁有汽車便宜。私家車登記數量在過去20年間增加近67%。我認為這麼大的增幅,一方面反映對出租汽車服務的需求,同時反映對的士服務素質的不滿。

優步(UBER)來香港,正因為看準的士服務需求大,乘客對服務素質有較高的要求這一點。

綜合以上數據及分析,要提高的士服務素質,就須增發的士牌照。假如單以人口作比例推算,2017年的士牌數量就應該比1998年多12.96%,相當於增發2350個新牌。假如單以抵港旅客作比例推算,2017年的士牌數量應比1998年多475.53%,相當於增發86252個新牌。

2016年中,時任運輸及房屋局局長張炳良教授書面回覆立法會議員提問,透露政府正考慮以專營權模式試行推出優質的士,車輛數量約為450至600輛,期望透過引進競爭,改善的士服務素質。雖然至今仍未能成事,但容許不同服務素質和不同收費的出租車並存,此一方向是正確的。

容許不同素質和收費不一的出租車並存尤其重要,其實這種情況十幾年前已經出現。隨着流動電話網絡流行,一眾的士司機早已三五成群,集體接受電話預約,給予車費折扣。這些折扣黨有組織、有制度、有紀律,各具特色,提供各項車費優惠;有些整隊司機不抽煙,有些整隊能講基本英語,各自吸引不同顧客。

司機除了因為物以類聚、人以群分走在一起之外,組織、制度、紀律、特色基本上都以吸客和增加收入為目的。如果服務好一點,即使折扣較小仍不愁客路。收入佳,自然較多人會加入司機行列。換句話說,假若容許的士不須劃一收費,自然就會有不同素質的的士服務。既有高折扣,但服務素質稍低的;也有低折扣,而服務素質較好的。乘客有選擇,用腳投票,司機自然會因應客人喜好,提供適當素質的服務。

要提高的士服務素質,我建議首先大量增發新牌,以2000輛的士為起點。其次是提高車資20%,並把司機向乘客提供折扣優惠合法化,司機就自然會自我組隊,提升服務素質。

王家富 香港大學經濟及工商管理學院首席講師
(本文同時於二零一八年六月六日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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