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In the Media

Home Research Thought Leadership In the Media

Is It an Equal World?

10 Oct 2018
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世界是否公平

世界到底公平還是不公平?對於這個問題,一般有兩種截然不同的看法。一種看法認為,世界本來就不公平。各人的家庭背景以至聰明才智都不一樣, 從一出世就開始互相競爭,初時優勢尚微,慢慢擴大差距,也就是所謂贏在起跑線。

這種意見以歐洲的福利國家為代表,這些國家推行各種各樣措施,以保障弱勢社群和工人的福利:設立高稅率以減輕貧富懸殊;對僱主解僱員工施以種種限制,以減少在職工人可能遭受的失業威脅。但是這種制度也並非沒有代價:當工人受到充分保障,也就易請難辭,社會變得僵化,高福利亦容易助長在職者好逸惡勞的心態。

是非見仁見智

另一種看法認為,雖然人人與生俱來才能有別,家庭背景亦各有不同,但個人的發展潛質卻無可限量,只要努力,都有可能取得意想不到的結果。所謂千金難買少年窮,在平凡的環境成長和奮鬥磨練是富有人家最缺乏的財寶。

抱持這種觀點的人一般比較樂觀,而崇尚這種精神的社會,對企業作出的限制稅率相對來說也比較低,進取之餘,更能夠容忍較大的社會差異與不均。觀乎抱持這種意見的國家,美國可謂其中表表者。

這種世界觀不無代價。首先,這類社會的經濟不均程度往往較為嚴重,若未能及時修正,其壞影響也易被忽略,一旦全面浮現,要作出補救或會太遲。

根據實證研究顯示,社會收入不均的程度愈嚴重,其跨代經濟流動性(intergenerational economic mobility)就愈低,小孩長大之後的經濟收入,愈易受制於其父母的收入。收入不均對物質生活的限制也不限於一代人,更足以影響下一代的經濟收入。這裏說的不是第三世界落後國家,而是先進的發達國家。

美國著名經濟學家Alan Krueger擔任白宮經濟顧問委員會主席期間,把這個實證研究稱為「大亨曲線」。《大亨小傳》(The Great Gatsby)是1925年出版一部著名美國小說,Gatsby就是書中主人公的名字。這位大亨是個神秘而孤獨的富翁,小時候很窮,通過鮮為人知的不斷拚搏的努力,終成巨富,但當他終於可以與年輕時候的女朋友重逢時,卻遇上不測,死於非命。

Alan Krueger並沒有解釋,為何把這項研究稱為「大亨曲線」。但這個隱喻不難理解。美國人相信公平,相信只要努力,就能夠達到夢想;但上面提到的實證研究證明了事實並非如此,美國夢原來只是幻覺而已,就如小說中的大亨。

前幾年,經濟學家Anne Case和Angus Deaton對美國中年人的死亡率,得出一項令人震驚的發現。原來在美國中年人中,白人的死亡率高於其他族裔。筆者傾向接受以下的解釋觀點:其他族裔的人,本來就是主流社會的外來者或受到歧視的一群,因此他們較易於逆境中安然渡過;而主流的美國白人遇到挫折的時候,反而可能無所適從,當他們把自己的逆境與其父輩的順境比較,產生難以接受的反差。由於美國人崇尚個人奮鬥,以致他們對社會的不公平和別人的逆境失去了敏感性,在這樣的背景之下,一個建制外的天外來客當選總統為民請命,就不是奇怪的事情了。

溝通仗賴包容

收入不均除了限制個人以至下一代的發展之外,還可能使人產生偏見,把自己社會遇到的問題,當成是外國製造,特朗普總統針對中國可算是其中一例。

另一種偏見則是仇富,包括動輒指摘官商勾結。最近香港富商劉鳴煒在港台一個節目中,分享了他小時候父母如何培養其良好理財習慣的一個小故事。劉他10歲時的農曆新年,父母給他10萬元利是錢,他當時並沒有花掉,而是每天有空就拿出來數一下,半年過後,終於決定開一個儲蓄戶口,把錢積蓄起來。

節目播出之後,媒體對此事的討論十分熱烈,卻十居其九都是揶揄他的,指他離地云云。筆者把當天的電視節目看了一遍,倒覺得劉先生所說的儲錢過程合情合理,因為這個財經節目當天的主題是聚焦於年輕人貸款太易的問題。

這件小事告訴我們,背景、身份不同,要互相溝通多麼困難。很明顯,並不是但凡有錢的人都貪婪、自私,官商勾結也並非無處不在。抱持這種看法不論對於個人還是社會,同樣沒有好處。

不過,無論政府或者上流社會,也不應只因許多普羅大眾抱持這種看法,就把諸事不順的原因推到對方身上,放棄建立社會和諧的任務,畢竟春秋責備的是賢者而非百姓。如果有一天,普通的老百姓都相信世界是平等的,深信功不唐捐,而已位居社會上層的人則承認世界並不公平,承認許多人並沒有他們那麼幸運,對這些人的遭遇感同身受,那就太好了。
 

趙耀華 香港大學經濟及工商管理學院副教授
(本文同時於二零一八年十月十日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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