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In the Media

Home Research Thought Leadership In the Media
Is ESG a fad or the future?

Is ESG a fad or the future?

24 Jan 2024
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ESG是曇花一現抑或長久趨勢?

環境、社會及管治(Environmental, Social, and Governance,簡稱ESG)近年好似雨後春筍般,已經無處不在。當眾人還分不清這3個字母順序的時候,ESG早已牽動無數跨國公司的重大決策,也深刻影響各國政府的監管決定。一方面,ESG打造了一個美好願景,讓資本向善,促進可持續發展。另一方面,ESG也遇到了前所未有的挑戰。反對力量群起攻之,紛紛質疑ESG口惠而實不至。

ESG究竟是稍縱即逝還是會持續不斷?筆者認為,其產生基於深層次的社會背景,並非偶然。只要ESG所針對的社會問題得不到解決,ESG就會野火燒不盡,春風吹又生。

前世今生

ESG的前身可說是社會責任投資(Socially Responsible Investment,簡稱SRI),為它的實踐提供了重要基礎。筆者發表在《行政科學季刊》(Administrative Science Quarterly)的研究發現【註】,SRI在西方的起源與宗教、工會和政府密不可分,並且早在上個世紀就考量了環境、社會和公司管治的影響。然而作為一種獨特的投資理念,SRI一直處於非主流位置,直到ESG出現。

聯合國為ESG的興起提供了概念的依託。2004年,聯合國在其《在乎者贏》(Who Cares Wins)報告中正式提出ESG概念,並與全球多家金融機構攜手,提倡將ESG等因素用於投資考量,堅信「得ESG者得市場」。該報告問世後,曾經有好些年都風平浪靜,但約在2015年,形勢逐漸發生變化。

ESG得以迅速發展,以下幾個造王者實在功不可沒。麥肯錫(McKinsey)作為全球一大管理顧問公司,一直是商業熱詞的締造者,開始不斷推廣類似ESG的概念。世界最大資產管理公司貝萊德(BlackRock)也是ESG的關鍵擁躉,行政總裁芬克(Larry Fink)在公開信中頻頻提及並推廣ESG。各地政府也落力為ESG助陣,挪威國家主權基金和日本政府養老投資基金分別在2004年和2018年身先士卒,用千萬億美元重資踐行ESG。一時間,ESG風行一時。投資機構趨之若鶩,廣納相關人才,香港特區政府亦不例外,專設ESG類別以招攬人才。

兩面受敵

熱潮之下卻存在暗湧。反ESG之聲四起,批評者分成左右兩大板塊。右派認為ESG的理念根本錯誤。美國不少共和黨人視ESG為毫無意義的「政治正確」;田納西州在2023年指控貝萊德的投資濫用ESG因素,違反了《消費者保護法》,其他共和黨州份的官員也將該公司列為撤資目標。諾貝爾獎得主佛利民(Milton Friedman)在半個世紀前就已發文,咬定公司的唯一使命是盈利,而社會責任是政府的事,應該「凱撒的歸凱撒,上帝的歸上帝」。紐約大學金融學教授達莫達蘭(Aswath Damodaran)也認為ESG是「無可救藥」,並且希望ESG能夠「安息」。

左派同樣不乏批評者。貝萊德前ESG投資專家Tariq Fancy揭老東家之短,痛斥ESG虛有其表,令傳媒嘩然。各國的監管者也紛紛調查「漂綠」行為。許多所謂綠色基金,例如最近被罰的德國資產管理公司DWS,其實有掛羊頭賣狗肉之嫌。左派批評者支持ESG的願景,但詬病ESG的現行體系,認為ESG讓偽君子大行其道。ESG標準混亂、評分矛盾,使企業和投資者無所適從。為此,倫敦商學院金融學教授Alex Edmans就認為,投資應該關注企業如何創造長期價值,而不僅局限於所謂的ESG。

其來有自

多方夾擊之下,ESG是否會銷聲匿跡?筆者相信,縱使ESG有千百個問題,其根源深植於市場經濟和工業化的宏觀背景,並不隨着批評者的主觀意志而轉移。

ESG是人類試圖修補資本主義危機的重要嘗試,只要資本主義本身發展不均衡的問題尚未解決,ESG就會東山再起。MSCI行政總裁費爾南德斯(Henry Fernandez)直言不諱,ESG是為了拯救資本主義,不然美國就會淪落到政府強制監管的社會主義境地。

首先,政府力有不逮,需要企業的協助。人類面對氣候變化這樣的重大挑戰,在佛利民的理想模型裏,企業不該加以插手,必須由政府負責。現實是,大部分政府對此束手無策,遑論解決其他跨國難題,例如空氣污染、跨國毒品貿易和電訊詐騙等。權力沒有真空,只要需求存在,新力量的介入勢不可擋。

其次,企業對於解決某些社會問題具備比較優勢。企業雖然逐利,但通過ESG也可協助政府解決社會難題,並從中獲利。無論是出於慈善的商譽,還是源於監管的壓力,耐克(Nike)和多個運動品牌都致力於解決跨國供應鏈中的童工及其他非法勞工問題,完成了諸多第三世界國家政府有心無力的未竟之功。隨着企業聲譽的提高,貨品銷量和公司盈利亦會相應增加。

最後,資本市場可受惠於長期主義,共生共贏的ESG理念。有別於過去的環保理念,ESG有一個扎根於資本市場的嶄新價值主張:普遍所有權(universal ownership)。許多養老投資基金和國家主權基金之所以青睞ESG,是因為持有整個股市之餘,亦看長期發展。這種普遍所有權,等同於佛利民心目中的政府,所以自然關心整體社會,鼓勵互惠互利。

遠離ESG,損人利己,固然可以贏得一時一地之利,但會製造污染等負面界外效應(negative externality)。污染固然幫排污企業節省排污費,卻削弱自然環境的價值,不利於勞工的生產力,導致其他公司以至未來的企業無資源可用。算完總賬,最終損害到普遍所有權持有人的資本利益。

何去何從

正如倫敦商學院的副教授Ioannis Ioannou指出,ESG是當今世界問題的表象,就算沒有ESG,也會存在內核相似的倡議。

面對ESG,我們需要思考的是,應該另起爐灶搞全新概念?還是改善ESG這個已有基礎的共識,以免把「嬰兒和髒的洗澡水一起倒掉」?前者看似簡單,但也容易陷入失敗的輪迴;後者艱難,但更需要社會的共識和一批先行者的堅持。

 

【註】 Yan Shipeng, Ferraro Fabrizio, Almandoz Juan (John). 2019. “The rise of socially responsible investment funds: The paradoxical role of the financial logic”. Administrative Science Quarterly, 64(2): 466-501

 

 

顏示硼博士
港大經管學院管理及商業策略助理教授

敬興懿先生
港大經管學院環球管理學碩士生

(本文同時於二零二四年一月二十四日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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