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In the Media

Home Research Thought Leadership In the Media

How to Solve Self-Serve Bicycle Rental Issues

18 Jul 2018
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如何解決自助單車租賃問題

自助租賃單車服務營辦商Gobee.bike早前宣布清盤結業,又引起社會對這個行業的關注。清盤結業若不退還按金,消費者豈不是沒有保障?單車當垃圾棄置街頭,豈不是要政府清理,納稅人埋單?單車在路邊亂泊,阻礙行人使用道路,又如何解決呢?
 
預繳風險難以根除

 
最直接的解決方案看來是發牌規管,但我絕不贊同!若要對每個行業都設立發牌制度,不但架床疊屋,還涉及大量有關規管的跟進工作。
 
結業不退還按金問題,不單是自助租賃單車服務界獨有的弊病。類似問題討論多年,實在不易解決。公司依賴按金減低營業風險,補助營運資金。當然,公司不可能任意收取按金,水平須為用戶接受;而用戶也應明白,有限公司倒閉,作為一個普通或無抵押的債權人,通常最多只能追討回小部分預繳按金及其他款項。
 
我在上文一直避免用「共享單車」這個詞,須知在香港所謂的「共享單車」,其實是自助租賃單車服務。真正的共享單車應是個人把自己的單車,透過一個共享平台租借給他人使用。用戶當然要付按金和租金,每次交易完成後,須在一定時間內退回按金。在這個安排下,當負責共享平台的公司倒閉,也就毋須追討按金和預繳費用;但自助租賃單車營辦商並非如此營運。市民明知預繳費用涉及風險,仍然選擇有關服務,意味他們願意承擔風險。
 
發牌有違競爭原則

 
事實上,就算發牌監管,也不可能杜絕公司結業後不退還按金的問題。因此,當局最佳辦法大概還在持續教育和提醒市民留意按金和預繳的風險。
 
部分立法會議員提出發牌監管,其實主要是想規管單車亂泊,阻塞行人通道而已。大家又常列舉台灣和新加坡的監管例子,批評特區政府的放任態度。信不信由你,部分自助租賃單車營辦商同樣渴望政府發牌監管。
 
若要發牌,政府便須決定發多少個、發給誰、如何分配市場份額?這些行政決定須靠大量資訊,但有關部門掌握的資訊往往不及業界充足,因而須依賴業界提供資訊和方案,造成業界主導。假設有多家公司私下商議,自行分配市場份額,減低業界的惡性競爭,這顯然就是合謀,違反《競爭法》。政府發牌監管,雖然效果和業界合謀大同小異,不過就肯定合法,難怪部分營辦商也促請政府發牌。
 
政府發牌監管雖或可收即時效果,但長遠而言將產生不少負面影響。發牌監管一般基於與業界協商,但求保障當時參與者的利益,而忽略潛在參與者的利益。發牌限制競爭,往往斷絕更有經營能力、更具創意的潛在經營者的進場機會,扼殺業界的成長和發展空間。依我所見,最差的規管,莫過於發牌限制競爭。
 
違泊政策形同虛設

 
歸根究柢,單車亂放的現象一方面是因為部分營辦商以隨意停泊方式吸引用家,另一方面則因為政府未能制訂合理有效的政策,縱使有政策,執行力度卻嚴重不足。
 
自助租賃單車服務冒現之前,泊位已經不足,形成單車隨處亂放的情況。政府未有及時認真處理,至今亂狀惡化,政府就無理由不正視問題。
 
由於涉及公共資源的應用,規管是必要的,政府務須制訂一套適用於單車服務營辦商和市民大眾的政策,重點是一視同仁,不能只針對某一方;一旦定下政策,就要強制執行,才會收效。
 
有關單車違泊政策是有的,無奈形同虛設。2018年2月7日,運輸及房屋局局長陳帆在立法會回覆有關自助租賃單車隨處停泊的提問時,就清楚指出:
 
「根據《道路交通(泊車)規例》(第374C章),任何人不得在非指定泊車處停泊車輛(包括單車),亦不得在泊車處連續停泊車輛超過24小時。此外,《土地(雜項條文)條例》(第28章)禁止不合法佔用未批租的政府土地;而《簡易程序治罪條例》(第228章)則禁止放置任何物品以致對人或車輛造成阻礙、不便或危害等。
 
「根據上述法例,營辦商或使用者不應把自助租賃單車停泊在不當的位置。政府部門會按一貫程序處理單車違泊問題,不論是傳統非自助模式租賃的單車、自助模式租賃的單車,抑或是私人擁有的單車。」(資料來源:http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201802/07/P2018020700327.htm)
 
雖有相關法例,可是執行不易。正如在公眾單車泊位附近經常可見的「違泊者一經定罪,最高可處罰款1萬元及監禁6個月」之類告示,為何都不能收阻嚇之效?
 
問題是,在沒有單車登記制度的大前提下,執法人員遇見違泊單車,又能向誰追究?難道要守在單車旁邊,待車主現身時作出檢控?可見要對一般市民執法並不容易。另一方面,雖然不難追查自助租賃單車所屬營辦商,但只針對某一群組實有違公平原則。為什麼自助租賃單車違泊須受罰,一般市民違泊就可免罰?
 
登記收費雙管齊下
 
要有效規管單車違泊,必先建立一套登記制度。每部單車須在車身當眼處標貼QR碼,以資識別。此外,還須設立違泊告票制度,毋須交通督導員負責執行,只需一個檢舉單車違泊的手機應用程式,以便熱心市民隨時掃一掃QR碼,在衞星定位系統確定位置後加以檢舉,告票隨即送到登記車主手上。違泊者可以用單車違泊應用程式繳付罰款;違泊單車逾時還不開走,更有可能再接告票,而被有關當局上鎖,甚至移走。至於每次罰款額,我認為定在30元的水平已算合理。
 
在規管違泊的同時,也須增建單車停泊位。基於公平原則,這些泊位應供自助租賃單車用戶和一般市民共同使用。
 
為免濫用,公眾泊位理應收費。為求公平,自助租賃單車用戶和一般市民應一視同仁。至於時租水平,正如我早前在本欄(見2018年4月11日〈創建單車友善環境 從公眾泊位收費開始〉)建議,收每小時1毛錢就足以減低濫用公眾泊車位的誘因。時租也可通過手機應用程式繳付,先掃單車上的QR碼,再掃泊位的 QR碼,以衞星定位系統確定位置後,就開始起租。取車時,重複以上步驟便可。
 
要解決單車濫泊問題,不應依賴發牌。盡快制訂適當的單車泊位政策,加強執行,才是上上之策。

 

王家富 香港大學經濟及工商管理學院首席講師
(本文同時於二零一八年七月十八日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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