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In the Media

Home Research Thought Leadership In the Media

Housing Policy of Today and the Lantau Tomorrow Vision Project

24 Oct 2018
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今天房策 明日大嶼 將來代價

特首林鄭月娥在她任內第二份《施政報告》提出「明日大嶼」願景,「涵蓋中部水域交椅洲和喜靈洲附近的人工島、大嶼山北岸和屯門沿海地帶,包括重新規劃後的內河碼頭區和龍鼓灘等多個發展區」(第64段)、「在交椅洲和喜靈洲附近分階段填海,建造合共約1700公頃的多個人工島」(第64﹝1﹞段)。

雄心並非過大

「明日大嶼」的填海規模是否過大?土地供應專責小組(土供小組)有類似的選項:發展東大嶼都會(填海規模約1000公頃)。表面上,「明日大嶼」的填海規模大於發展東大嶼都會選項70%。實際上,發展東大嶼都會選項的1000公頃,是完全基於政府規劃署於2016年10月發表的《香港2030+》研究;如果政府早一點把該填海規模更新為1700公頃,相信土供小組亦會把選項列為1700公頃選項。

其實,土供小組早於2018年4月在公眾參與活動剛開始時已指出,《香港2030+》研究得出的「至少1200公頃的土地短缺數字是保守的估算,並相信實際短缺數字遠較1200公頃為高」。「明日大嶼」把發展東大嶼都會的填海規模增加700公頃,是具體回應土供小組對《香港2030+》過分保守估算的意見,不應解讀為不尊重土供小組;同樣地,「明日大嶼」的填海規模比東大嶼都會發展選項高70%,亦不應理解為填海規模過大。

團結香港基金亦提出「強化東大嶼都會」計劃,他們建議把填海規模擴大至2200公頃,比發展東大嶼都會選項多120%。與此相比,「明日大嶼」便顯得較務實,填海規模亦不見得過大。

輕重難以平衡

以上簡短的討論並不是證明「明日大嶼」的填海規模適中,而是說明社會應對填海持開放態度。在討論填海選項時,應有根有據。當然,特首還欠公眾一個解釋,為什麼不在公眾參與活動前提出「明日大嶼」願景,讓它成為土供小組的一個選項?

特首選擇在《施政報告》提出「明日大嶼」願景,時間剛好在公眾參與活動之後,而土供小組不能趕及在《施政報告》前提交全面報告,只能和特首分享他們的初步主要觀察。在此時提出「明日大嶼」願景,足見她的政治智慧不足,加重土供小組、政府工作的負擔。

除了政治智慧不足,特首的新房屋政策亦不符合基本經濟學原理。她認為「政府有責任為不同收入的家庭提供適切居所。由於房屋持續供不應求,公屋平均輪候時間不斷延長,而近年大幅上升的私營房屋價格已超越一般家庭的負擔能力,我會在任內增加公營房屋的比例,調撥更多土地作公營房屋發展,並承諾政府開拓的新增土地,以房屋單位計算,七成應用於公營房屋」(第48段)。

「增加公營房屋的比例」即是減少私營房屋的比例,「私營房屋價格已超越一般家庭的負擔能力」,顯示私營房屋已嚴重供不應求,減少私營房屋的比例只會令問題更加惡化,試問特首如何為不符合公營房屋資格的家庭提供適切居所?(不符合公營房屋資格的家庭,不表示他們是富裕家庭,大多不符合公營房屋資格的家庭也是一般家庭。)

就算符合公營房屋資格的家庭,政府也沒有足夠資源為他們提供適切居所。特首在今年6月「修訂資助出售房屋的定價機制,令售價與私人房屋市價脫鈎,而改以申請人的負擔能力為基礎」(第50段)。2018年居屋因應新定價政策而重新接受申請,售價由市價約七折大幅下調至約五二折,結果收到113000份新申請,連同首輪申請(和扣除3600份要求取消申請),前後共收到261400份申請,但是次申請只提供4431個居屋單位,即有256969(261400-4431)份申請未能獲得適切居所,特首如何為他們「重燃置業希望」(第46段)?

不少問題待解決

特首認為政府的責任不止於為合乎居屋資格的家庭提供適切居屋,還有責任為合乎不同資格的家庭提供適切「港人首次置業」、「綠置居」、或公屋(公屋一般申請者的平均輪候時間已升至5.3年)。特首勇於承擔,但凡事有代價,不應不惜代價。

增加公營房屋的比例增加政府的房屋開支,減少私營房屋的比例而減少政府的賣地收入,一加一減,政府能用在其他服務的資源便相應減少。可是香港的人口正急速老化,需要政府投入更多資源提供安老、醫療服務。

另一方面,香港的創新及科技沒有領先優勢,政府要急起直追,便要投入龐大資源和投資教育。增加公營房屋的比例,意味減少政府其他方面服務和投資,這個代價是否值得?

特首可能以為增加公營房屋的比例,便可以減低政府開拓新土地的阻力,但還有不少問題要解決。第一,開拓新土地破壞自然環境,環保組織一定會反對。社會環保意識不斷提高,來自環保的阻力只會愈來愈大。與其和環保力量對抗,政府不如與環保組織結成夥伴,讓他們發揮,證明環保和經濟發展可以並存。

勢必影響其他服務

第二,開拓新土地需時甚久,但住屋是即時問題。守護大嶼聯盟明言:「填海造人工島,動輒需要20年時間,對於要解決水深火熱的住屋問題,根本是遠水救近火的問題。」短期的房屋供應只好透過更改土地用途去滿足;但現有土地有限,住宅用地增加意味其他用地減少,包括寫字樓、商業、零售、醫療、社會服務等等,代價十分之大。

特首的新房屋、土地政策逐漸成形。她先修訂資助出售房屋的定價機制,改以申請人的負擔能力為基礎,令售價大幅下調,與私人房屋市價脫鈎。她更承諾政府開拓的新增土地,以房屋單位計算,七成用於公營房屋。

她的新房屋政策定會減少政府的賣地收入和增加政府的房屋開支,勢必影響政府的其他服務和投資。她希望以增加公營房屋的比例來減少政府開拓新土地的阻力,但這只是一廂情願,因為住屋是即時問題,短期只能透過改變土地用途解決,影響其他土地使用者。她的政策令政府資源和社會土地資源集中在房屋問題上,如果她繼續提高公營房屋的比例,香港將要付出沉重的代價。

程騰歡 香港大學經濟及工商管理學院副教授
(本文同時於二零一八年十月廿四日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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