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Hong Kong’s role in Greater Bay Area’s talent development

Hong Kong’s role in Greater Bay Area’s talent development

10 Mar 2021
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灣區爭雄重育才 融匯中西港佔優

去年夏天筆者剛從洛杉磯移居到香港這座闊別多年的城市,就接到所屬經管學院通知,因學生報名人數突然幾近翻倍,需多教一門應用計量經濟學的碩士課程。2019冠狀病毒病疫情下,香港特區的大學還能增產擴容,實屬難得。

研究院課程熱招啟示

香港高等教育深造課程的火爆緣由,一是內地經濟內循環的溢出效應,二是教育出口轉內銷的新變化。內地人口眾多,大學林立,近幾年每年大學畢業生為數超過800萬,高於本港總人口。大學畢業生一窩蜂擁向大城市找工作,但畢竟空缺有限,就業門檻相應提高,尤其待遇優厚的職位,不少僱主明言只面試具研究院畢業資格者,經濟發達的粵港澳大灣區自然是偌大教育市場的重心所在。香港幾所高等學府作為大灣區內的佼佼者,慕名而來進修者也就不在少數。

至於所謂「出口轉內銷」,以英美為首的一些國家,曾將學位以上程度的延伸教育打包成一個個商業化項目,長則18個月,短則9個月,大受歡迎。國內的碩士課程則脫胎於前蘇聯的教育體系,研究生須修讀3年,相當於副博士。國際接軌之下,內地碩士便顯得尷尬,三年寒窗卻僅換來相當於在外國花一個寒暑就能拿到的學銜,難怪家境許可的學生紛紛出國念個碩士。本港的大學學制與英美相仿,在世界大學排行中一直榜上有名,也成為念碩士的一時之選。2020年疫災突如其來,加上中美關係陰晴不定,更令原本有意放洋的內地學生「內銷」到香港。

內地研究生教育規模龐大,但市場競爭激烈,需求極有彈性;香港的高等教育院校憑藉中西結合的獨特模式,可以短期引領風騷,卻難以避免內地和海外大學的夾擊;若缺乏核心競爭力,長期下去可能無以為繼,而這也正是本地企業的寫照。探討港式高等教育如何在全國教育市場脫穎而出,相信對探討香港的經濟前路不無裨益。

兩地畢業生競爭形勢

辦學畢竟不是營商,院校不必時刻揣摩市場動向,而應聚焦引進優質師資,多出科研成果,力爭在具公信力的排行榜高踞前列。品牌大,名聲響,從者自然趨之若鶩。這話雖不無道理,但時下大學競爭日益激烈,香港已非一枝獨秀,想在全國教育市場分一杯羹,還須知己知彼。

一如研究企業競爭力始於分析產品的市場定位,探討香港高等院校的競爭力,亦須掌握本地教育市場何在,價值多少,替代性又怎樣。大概而言,可對比香港與內地大學畢業生的就業及薪酬情況。較精準的做法則是先選出一批跟香港大學、科技大學、中文大學旗鼓相當的內地大學,然後把有條件進入這些內地名校卻選擇來港升學的大學畢業生和這些內地名校畢業生互比,便大致可以得知港產教育的市場競爭力;不過其中亦存在地域性局限:本地畢業生求職於港澳,上海名校的畢業生就業於華東,兩者的市值難以比較。所以港產本科生在全國的競爭力到底如何,一直不得而知。研究生方面則迥然相異,在港念書的碩士生大多數來自內地,學成後不少會返內地就業,特別在招生屢屢擴容之後,更是如此。這樣一來,產地與銷地分開了,港產研究生與北大、清華等內地名校培養出來的一批就要同台競爭,一較高低。香港高等教育優良,但大學品牌在內地仍然不夠響亮,而且產銷分離,港產畢業生未必能讓內地僱主另眼相看。因此,香港要搶灘內地教育市場,戰略重點當在提供特色高質的課程,以突顯港產大學生的優勢。

發揮中西薈萃的優良傳統

與內地相比,港式教育最大特色,在於較純正地保持了英美風格的西式教育。以筆者在內的諸多同事為例,在英美等地留學、工作多年而後加盟港大,從科研到教學,幾乎毋須任何適應調整,人到香港,時差一過,立馬開工。若在內地打天下,這個優勢卻不免有所折扣。兩年前,從普林斯頓大學畢業的一名華人經濟學博士做了一項實證研究【註】,回應北京和上海多家公司的網路招聘廣告,向各公司發送兩類虛構簡歷,一類申請者是具美國大學學歷的海歸派,另一類則是內地大學學歷的本土派。研究結果竟發現海歸申請者比本土申請者收到企業回覆的概率足足低了18%,就算同具名校學歷,海歸回覆率還是要低7%,即便是外國企業招聘,海歸仍處於劣勢。其中一個重要原因是就算京滬廣深等一線城市的企業,對西式教育只是一知半解,甚至認為西學中用,水土難服。隨着內地經濟重心移向內循環,這種情形恐怕會變本加厲。

西式教育在中國內地就業市場的含金量大為稀釋,自然也對現有的港式教育帶來挑戰,但這未嘗不是一項機遇,因為香港高等院校大可走化西入中的路線。這是英美名校難以比擬的獨特優勢。化西入中並非重彈「中學為體,西學為用」的舊調,也不是單靠西學的他山之石,而是採用西方的科學精神和方法,來解決中國面臨的種種問題。科學精神和方法雖源於歐美,但早已是世界各國創造財富、推進文明的共同工具。中國文化裏缺乏現代科學的基因,科學精神和方法在神州大陸有待根深柢固,這一弊端同樣反映在高等教育上。港式教育帶有亞洲文化風味,但底子還是英美傳統,只要運作得當,既是中國學生所熟悉,又能彌補內地高等教育的短板,實在大有可為。

化西入中,關鍵全在於一個「化」字。最簡單的做法就是教原滋原味的西學,讓學生自己去「化」。民國時期,以上海為首的發達城市,年輕人到教會學校或在外國租界接受教育,走的便是這條路;香港很長一段時間也是如此。雖說這種方式的確造就不少人才,但須講究個人天資或家學底子,難以普及,何況時下早就不復人心向西。化西入中的責任,到底要落到學校身上。

助推經濟的人才搖籃

筆者前輩張五常堪稱化西入中的能手,老人家特立獨行,褒貶不一,但在內地張粉無數,曾在各大高等院校演講,風采有如明星,所著五大卷《經濟解釋》亦風靡神州大地。張教授的秘訣在於把西式經濟學原理內化成為幾條核心原則,藉此理解中國現實的局限條件,從而剖析中國經濟,固然未必全都中肯,但有學有識也有用,廣受歡迎,其來有自。

港大同事李晉教授和筆者合開一門碩士班的課,名為「組織經濟學及企業戰略」,旨在化經濟學、管理學的基本理論和方式,來解中國企業的組織管理難題。筆者在教授應用計量方法時,開宗明義,就是用科學方法來理清對中國經濟似是而非的認識,亦即把張五常的模式應用到日常教學之中。

萬事開頭難,但只要持之以恒,相信總有成功之日。

上文倡議的港式教育,或者不如港式餐飲那般歷史悠久,或港式影視那般風格鮮明,更不如港式金融那般眾所周知,但其社會意義卻非同小可。短期而言,倘若港式教育能在內地打響名頭,為大灣區輸送大量港產人才,不僅有助促進粵港澳三地的經濟融合,也可立馬緩解粵港兩地缺乏人才流動的瓶頸。長期而言,要是本地高等院校能在化西入中一環獨領風騷,對內地的教育科技當可發揮示範效應,除了有助香港保持在全國的經濟地位,也可讓港人揚眉吐氣一番。

註: Mingyu Chen, 2020, “The Value of US College Education in Global Labor Markets: Experimental Evidence from China”, Working Paper, Princeton University.

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