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Foster a Bike-friendly Environment by Imposing Parking Charges

11 Apr 2018
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創建單車友善環境 從公眾泊位收費開始

年前到新市鎮,已經察覺到單車到處停泊的現象,可見公眾單車泊位供不應求。據《經濟日報》2013年7月10日的一篇報道〈充公單車無上訴 每輛賤售3.3元〉,當時全港約有4.2萬個單車泊位,單車則估計有100萬輛,公眾單車泊位實在嚴重不足。

近年香港興起單車運動和消閒,政府亦積極興建單車徑,從而建設一個單車友善的環境,既促進單車運動和消閒,也鼓勵市民使用單車代步。雖然政府承諾增加公眾單車泊位,不過香港寸金尺土,可增加的數量始終有限。據政府規劃,公眾單車泊位預計至2018年年底有望增加到約5.9萬。就算單車數量不再增加,泊位的有限增幅也無異於杯水車薪。

認清供求問題所在

近兩年,多家共享單車公司先後在香港推出服務,計有Gobee.bike、HobaBike、locobike、oBike和ofo,街上單車數目隨即暴增。再者,由於取車和還車地點不固定,在公眾泊位供不應求的情況下,共享單車亂泊的現象極為普遍。我就見過單車隨便泊在路邊,以致阻礙行人和單車往來的情況。共享單車一下子把存在已久的泊位不足問題推到極點。

公眾單車泊位嚴重不足,加上單車亂泊擾民,有見及此,立法會議員也表關注,作出具體提問(2017年7月12日立法會八題:單車泊位)。有立法會議員敦促政府增設泊位,亦有議員指引入共享單車時機還未成熟,應加以管制。前者着眼增加供應,後者針對限制需求;雖然方向正確,可惜同樣無濟於事。

我認為要對症下藥,應從單車泊位的租金入手。

假設有一個單車泊位的租務市場,讓租金自由浮動,租金自然會調節到供求平衡為止。供過於求,會出現租金下降現象;求過於供,租金自會上調。當然,為了鼓勵市民使用單車,泊位最好還是由政府供應和營運,但公營絕不等於零收費!

不難想像,零價格容易衍生「生人霸死地」的弊端。例如免費音樂會門票一早派完,看似反應踴躍,結果入座率只得一半,有心想看表演的卻因沒拿到門票,而被拒諸門外,與主辦者雙雙成為輸家(當然,另一常見現象是有人拿了免費票,然後放到網上高價兜售,從中獲利)。

同一道理,單車泊位零收費,即使少用單車的人(譬如一年才踏一次單車),也會受到吸引而佔用泊位。只要細心觀察一下,不難發現不少公眾泊位實在長期被佔用,單車日久不用,以致鏽蝕而終被棄置,公眾單車泊位於是淪為垃圾站。泊位看似供不應求,其實是被甚少使用單車的人佔用,真正有需要的人卻無位可用。

我們總希望免費音樂會門票能送到真正想到場的觀眾手上,也希望泊位能優先分配給真正經常使用單車的人。這類供不應求的現象,根本就是因為定價太低;要解決其中分配問題,必須把零價格改為收費。

如何釐定收費準則

公眾單車泊位的收費不宜亦毋須定得高。我估計每小時1毛錢的租金已經可以明顯收效。我建議先以每小時1毛錢為起點,日後慢慢摸着石頭過河,進行微調。

假設泊位租金每小時為1毛錢,然後參考私家車泊位的長泊優惠做法,把單車日泊(上午7時至晚上7時)收費定為1元,夜泊(晚上7時至上午7時)則為5毛錢;並且推出月票價(譬如30元)。以月票價30元計,長租泊位一年就是360元。因為一年的單車泊位租金已經可以租幾次單車,一年踏一次單車的人不會選擇擁有單車。事實上,對於類似低用量者,租車應該是最好的選擇。低用量者由擁有走向租車,減少棄置單車,也是我們所樂見的。

對共享單車公司,我們應一視同仁,採取同一收費模式。由於要付泊位租金,共享單車公司就不會隨便增加單車數目。一輛單車如果整年沒有租出,泊位租金就等於白付。

如果單車能租出去,行走時段既然不用支付泊位費,實際泊位租金自然變得微不足道。能停在公眾泊位,對單車公司來說也容易管理;取車還車都在公眾泊位,共享單車也就不再擾民。因為方便使用,不難想像會有更多人樂於使用單車代步和消閒。

至於每小時1毛錢的泊位租金如何收取,在現今流動電子付款普及的年代,政府發展一個預繳的停泊單車流動應用程式,問題就可以迎刃而解。

在實施泊位收費的同時,也須進行單車登記,以便嚴厲檢控違例泊車者,杜絕單車到處亂泊的擾民情況。登記的主要作用是明確識別車主身份,以便日後檢舉非法佔位和租賃公眾泊位之用。

一旦實施泊位收費,自然便於收集泊位的使用數據。這些統計數字,既有助衡量收費成效,也可供日後微調政策參考之用。

要鼓勵單車運動、以單車消閒和代步,必先創建一個單車友善的環境,而公眾單車泊位更是箇中關鍵。解決泊位嚴重不足的問題,我建議推行公眾單車泊位收費,訂定每小時1毛錢的泊位租金,就是這麼簡單!

王家富 香港大學經濟及工商管理學院首席講師

(本文同時於二零一八年四月十一日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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