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In the Media

Home Research Thought Leadership In the Media
Corporate Greenwashing and Regulatory Response

Corporate Greenwashing and Regulatory Response

22 May 2024
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企業漂綠行為與監管回應

 

近年環球市場對可持續投資的需求有增無減,反映氣候變化和環保的議題備受重視;與此同時,亦令人關注「漂綠」(greenwashing)問題,其中包括企業為求吸引消費者和投資者、提升商譽,在宣傳與行銷過程中,過度誇大產品或服務的環保成效。漂綠行為通常透過誤導或虛假的陳述、廣告或標籤,使消費者和投資者誤以為某產品或服務對環境有益,儘管事實並非如此。放眼全球,企業漂綠事件屢見不鮮。為防被誤導,我們應關注產品的實際環保效果,而非只專注於廣告和宣傳。

中外企業漂綠案例

歐洲最大汽車製造商福士(Volkswagen,內地稱大眾汽車)在2014年推出了氫燃料電池車,贏得業界的廣泛讚譽。然而,一次廢氣排放測試的結果揭示有異常情況,美國國家環境保護局為此作出調查,發現大眾汽車在全球1100萬輛柴油車中安裝了減效裝置,可自動偵測車輛是否正在接受環保測試,並相應地減少車輛的廢氣排放,以符合環保標準。實際上,這些車輛的廢氣排放量竟高出美國標準40倍,足以致命。

最終,福士因欺詐被聯邦法院罰款28億美元,並須回收所有涉案車輛。這宗造假醜聞曝光後,該公司股價暴跌30%,市值縮水350億歐羅,不但嚴重損害企業形象和聲譽,也大大削弱消費者的信心。福士聲稱出廠綠色產品,其實以偽造數據欺騙公眾,此舉隨後成為企業漂綠的經典例子。

至於作為世界五百強之一的建築公司,中國中鐵(00390)不僅獲得了環境、社會及管治(Environmental, Social, and Governance,ESG)評級的AAA級,並獲中國上市公司協會選為ESG最佳實踐案例。其業務項目多與環保有關,更投入大筆資金研發綠色科技,將可持續發展作為企業使命。可惜現實偏偏相反,中鐵經常收到環境罰單,更在2022年因違法使用和破壞林地,被罰款約65萬元人民幣;同年,中鐵子公司也因排污和噪音問題違規,罰款逾160萬元人民幣。

確立綠色認證標準

歐洲方面,為了打擊企業漂綠行為,歐盟議會在本年1月17日正式通過《為綠色轉型賦權消費者指令》(The Directive on Empowering Consumers for the Green Transition,ECGT)。這項指令作為歐盟循環經濟計劃的一部分,旨在透過取締誤導性產品資訊和籠統環境聲明,協助消費者作出較佳購買選擇。

這項新法例的重點,是在當前歐盟的綠色轉型過程中,保障消費者免受有害商業行為的侵害。因此,ECGT將尋求禁止未經驗證計劃支持的籠統環境聲明、基於排放抵消計劃的環境聲明、毫無根據的耐用性聲明,以及其他廣泛的漂綠營銷行為。

ECGT透過確保行銷方面的產品綠色聲明更加透明可靠,以便消費者作出明智選擇,購得真正更耐用、可維修和可持續的產品。含糊的綠色承諾也將受到限制;只有當整個產品確實比傳統產品更環保,並通過像歐盟生態標籤這樣可靠的認證時,生產商才能將產品標記為「生態友善」或「綠色」。此外,如果產品或企業只是在某一細微部分變得比較永續,也不能將產品或企業宣傳為「綠色」。

除此之外,ECGT也透過規管永續標籤用途來實現這一目標,使它們更可信有效。為了提高生態標籤的可信度,該指令將禁止使用籠統的環境聲明(如「環保」、「可生物降解」、「氣候中性」和「生態友善」),若能證明整個產品確實比傳統版本更環保,則不在此列。在推行時,這意味着歐盟產品上的生態標籤需要通過批准的認證計劃或認可機構的獨立驗證。

至於中國內地,儘管目前沒有專門立法機關監管漂綠的不實廣告,但現存多項法規足以保障消費者和投資者。假使企業塑造虛假的綠色形象,企圖欺騙消費者,監管機構可按《廣告法》規管的虛假廣告、《消費者權益保護法》規管的損害消費者權益、《反不正當競爭法》規管的虛假商業宣傳,以及《產品品質法》規管的偽造和冒用認證標誌等法例加以起訴。違法者輕則被罰款並須作出賠償,重則或被吊銷營業執照,而且須承擔刑事責任。

加強資訊法規保障

針對不實披露環境資訊的情況,中國自2016年簽署《巴黎協定》以來,已經根據協定的綠色分類目錄來評估業界的綠色行為,涉及案例多達100萬宗。隨着綠色行為日漸普及和社會關注度提升,2021年中國修訂了《上市公司資訊披露管理辦法》,要求公開對環境違法行為的行政處罰。隨後一年實施《企業環境資訊依法披露管理辦法》,規定企業披露相關資訊,以確保環境資訊的明確性。

今年,國務院最新頒布了《碳排放權交易管理暫行條例》,對不實、偽造、篡改環境資訊和資料等行為設定罰款,並要求排放單位公開環境資料,這大大增加了對企業漂綠行為的威懾力和進一步預防漂綠行為。

 

章逸飛博士
港大經管學院經濟學高級講師

葉梓淇女士
港大經管學院本科生

 

(本文同時於二零二四年五月二十二日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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