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In the Media

Home Research Thought Leadership In the Media
Beyond Tariffs: Rebalancing the U.S.-China Deficit through Strategic Capital Integration

Beyond Tariffs: Rebalancing the U.S.-China Deficit through Strategic Capital Integration

14 May 2026
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跨國投資:重塑中美再平衡的現實挑戰與可行方向

持續多年的中美貿易戰並未改變兩國失衡的宏觀結構。2018年以來,美國不斷加征關稅,2025年進一步升級,但美國對中國的貨物逆差並未消失,2024年仍達2955億美元,2025年接近2021億美元[1]。 與此同時,2025年美國對全球的貿易逆差增至1.23萬億美元,中國貨物貿易順差突破1萬億美元,均創歷史新高。

關稅難以改變深層的宏觀錯配,美國長期需求強於供給,產能不足,產業「空心化」但消費強勁; 中國長期供給大於需求,產能過剩而內需不足。 只要這一結構不變,雙邊失衡就不會因關稅而消失。

美國以關稅推動再平衡,更多是在“改道”,而不是在補產能。 達拉斯聯儲數據顯示[2],中國占美國進口的份額已從2017年的21.6%降至2024年的13.4%, 但這更大程度上只是訂單轉向墨西哥、越南等第三國。 值得注意的是,美聯儲研究估計[3],截至2026年2月,2025年11月前實施的關稅已把美國核心商品PCE價格累計推高3.1%。 這表明關稅的結果是物價和成本上升,而非自動創造美國工業能力。 美國另一種更「國際主義」(“Globalist”)的政策思路強調協調西方盟友,希望中國提振消費和減少低價出口來為美國製造業調整爭取時間。 但如果這一策略奏效,其結果可能也是美國進口變貴,而非美國產能迅速擴張。

更有效的再平衡的方式是把一部分中國對美出口轉化為中國在美國本土形成產能。 宏觀上看,這相當於把部分中國順差從貨物流轉化為資本形成,從中國工廠出口商品到美國轉向中國資本在美國建廠、雇人、納稅、就地銷售。 美國並不排斥外資。 BEA數據顯示[4],2023年外資控股的美國企業雇傭了866萬人, 占美國私營部門就業的6.2%。 歷史經驗表明,在貿易摩擦時期,在美國生產、在美國銷售往往比繼續向美國出口更容易穿越政治壁壘。 廣場協定後日元快速升值削弱了日本對美出口競爭力,但推動了日本車企加快在美國建廠。 中國企業也並非沒有先例。 福耀玻璃2014年決定投資俄亥俄原通用汽車工廠時,公開計劃投資2億美元、創造800個崗位[5]。 對美國地方政府而言,工廠、工資和稅基遠比抽象的雙邊逆差更有政治說服力。

然而,這條路目前面臨較大阻礙,核心問題來自美國政策與安全審查的不確定性。  FIRRMA之後,CFIUS審查已明確擴展到關鍵技術、關鍵基礎設施和敏感個人數據等領域的部分非控股投資[6]。 TikTok案則進一步顯示,未來中資若想進入美國,尤其是在數據、平臺和網路外部性強的行業,單純的商業併購邏輯已不夠,還必須防範國際關係和東道國制裁等政治風險因素。拜登簽署的《2021年安全設備法》限制了華為,中興,海康威視,海能達,浙江大華等中國企業在美國銷售設備。 佛羅里達州政府也對外商的房地產投資施加了區域限制。 可見,美國對中國工業資本的開放即便在經濟上具有效率和收益,在實踐中也一直受到立法限制與行政不確定性的掣肘。

這也意味著,中美再平衡若想走向資本替代部分貿易,美國需要為中資制訂更清楚和更可執行的規則。 一個現實起點,是先從非戰略性的綠地製造業專案做起,例如玻璃、家電、通用機械等本地就業效應強、數據敏感度低的行業。 美國需要澄清審查規則,比如將含糊的「國家安全威脅」替換為明確的「通行/禁止」行業清單,以減少不確定性。 或可借鑒歐洲部分國家的做法,對中國資本採取“有條件准入、同步審查”的模式:一方面接受綠地投資和當地語系化生產,另一方面通過監管控制風險。

美國若想縮小逆差,就不應依賴對商品加稅,而應明確哪些中資專案可以來、怎麼來、來之後怎麼管。 對中國而言,這也不僅是資本「走出去」 而是在外部衝擊加劇的時代,把一部分過剩供給轉化為可被接受的全球化產能。 真正有前景的再平衡,不是更徹底的脫鉤,而是更可治理的全球戰略資本佈局。

[1] https://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/balance/c5700.html

[2] China remains modest player in U.S.–Mexico trade despite growing scrutiny – Dallasfed.org

[3] The Fed – Detecting Tariff Effects on Consumer Prices in Real Time – Part II

[4] Activities of U.S. Affiliates of Foreign Multinational Enterprises, 2023 | U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA)

[5] China’s Fuyao Glass to invest $200 million in GM’s former plant in Ohio | Reuters

[6] Press Releases | U.S. Department of the Treasury

 
溫佳玥女士

李海石教授
港大經管學院經濟學助理教授 

(本文同時於二零二六年五月十四日載於《FT中文網》明德商論專欄)

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