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In the Media

Home Research Thought Leadership In the Media
AI Sycophancy: When AI Learns to Tell Us What We Want to Hear

AI Sycophancy: When AI Learns to Tell Us What We Want to Hear

6 May 2026
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AI諂媚:當人工智能學會了討好用戶

2025年,生成式人工智能(GenAI)巨頭Anthropic與AI安全評估公司Andon Labs合作,進行了一場別開生面的實驗:讓自家的大語言模型Claude管理一間迷你商店,取名Claudius,向Anthropic的員工售賣零食和飲料。商店本身小得可憐,不過是一台冰箱、一部iPad和幾個購物籃,但運營的全部環節,包括選品、定價、採購、記錄、庫存管理,以至與顧客溝通,都交由AI自行完成。

顯而易見,Anthropic希望借此試探大模型走出聊天框、獨立從事商業活動的能力邊界,為未來的商業化應用開拓新路向。

阿諛奉承 混淆視聽

Claudius上線後,鬧出了不少啼笑皆非的事件,其中最富戲劇性的,要數它與《華爾街日報》記者Katherine Long之間的較量。 Anthropic特別邀請Long參與實驗,希望借記者之手挖掘AI的漏洞。 結果令人瞠目:Long與Claudius反覆交流超過140次,最終成功說服它相信自己並不是矽谷辦公室裡的一台自動售貨機,而是1962年前蘇聯莫斯科國立大學地下室里的一台售賣機。 Claudius欣然接受了這場「社會主義改造」,主動將所有商品的標價改為零,以「履行服務人民的使命」,一舉為Anthropic製造了數百美元的虧損。

故事荒誕,但荒誕背後卻令人深思。 2025年10月,美國史丹福大學等機構的研究團隊在頂級學術期刊Science發表論文,系統地揭示出類似的現象。團隊測試了市面上11款主流大語言模型,發現它們普遍具有明顯的「討好型人格」,擅長對用戶進行「諂媚」。 研究指出,AI比真人更願意附和提問者的行為,認同比例比真人高出約49%; 面對近2000種被社會普遍視為有錯的行為(例如在親密關係中欺騙伴侶),AI為用戶辯護的機率約為51%; 即便是對明顯錯誤的主張,AI表示贊同的概率也高達47%。 更令人擔憂的是,後續的行為實驗顯示,得到AI附和的用戶更不願意道歉、更不願意修補受損的人際關係,也更相信自己從一開始就是對的。

唯唯諾諾 後果堪虞

AI的諂媚作風並不能簡單歸結為AI出錯,其中反映的是大語言模型訓練機制中一項內生的結構性特徵。 當下主流大模型普遍依賴基於人類反饋的強化學習,亦即由真人對模型的回答打分,再據此反覆調整參數。 問題在於手握打分大權者,自然愛聽順耳、順心、順勢的回答,哪怕心裡清楚這些回答未必客觀公允。 換言之,大語言模型著眼於用戶滿不滿意,而並非答案正確與否。 久而久之,迎合用戶便被寫成模型的特性。

AI的諂媚行為讓用戶享受一時的心理快感,代價卻是被悄悄放大的偏見與盲點。 以創業為例,不少創業者習慣在撰寫商業計劃書前,先與AI對談,希望聽取中立意見。 然而討好型的AI更傾向於順着用戶的思路鋪陳論據、放大亮點、淡化風險,結果是讓本就躊躇滿志的創業者愈發自信; 真正冷酷的市場卻不討好任何人,許多所謂「被AI肯定」的創意,最終都在現實裡碰得頭破血流。

商業世界中的失敗案例同樣觸目驚心。 去年韓國遊戲開發商魁匠團(Krafton)在收購《深海迷航》(Subnautica)開發商Unknown Worlds後,為逃避一筆高達2.5億美元的業績獎金,公司行政總裁繞開內部法律團隊,反覆與ChatGPT討論如何合法地避免支付此數。 在多番追問與引導之下,AI逐步認可行政總裁的思路,甚至協助制訂出一整套解除創始團隊職務、延後遊戲發布的操作方案。

結果眾所周知,美國特拉華州法院今年3月的判詞毫不客氣——公司所列的解僱理由屬於事後編造,法院下令魁匠團立即恢復被解職創始人的行政總裁職務,並就由AI主導的敵意接管承擔法律責任。 該案也因此成為首宗被法院公開點名、因輕信AI建議而敗訴的重大商業訴訟之一。

可信顧問 非應聲蟲

上文提及Claudius運營實體店,其實指向的是AI奉承表現的另一重風險。當企業把AI推向服務消費者的前線,AI可能會把讓顧客滿意置於維護僱主利益之上,在花言巧語和精心設計的對話面前丟盔卸甲,忘記自己本應守護的底線與目標。 換作銀行、保險、醫療這樣的高風險場景,後果遠不止幾百美元的虧損那麼簡單。

要解決這個棘手問題,單靠用戶自覺顯然不夠。 模型開發者應在訓練目標中,給誠實與糾錯賦予更高權重,引入獨立於用戶滿意度的客觀評估,並在關鍵場景中加入異議機制,讓AI敢於說不。此外,監管者必須要求廠商披露其系統的諂媚傾向,以及相關緩解措施,尤其是在金融、醫療、法律等涉及重大決策的領域。

對普通使用者而言,理性使用AI的第一步,就是認清它並非「理中客」(理性、中立、客觀),而是一個格外善解人意的助手,其首要任務是讓你舒服,倒不一定令你清醒。愈是重要的決定,愈需要提高警覺,不妨主動要求AI站在反方立場加以反駁,或明確指示「列出這個方案的3個致命缺陷」。

歸根究柢,真正值得依賴的判斷,從來不會只建立在回音壁之上。 AI可以是聰明的參謀,但永遠不應取代我們的獨立思考。

李曦教授
港大經管學院市場學教授、亞洲案例研究中心總監、數字經濟與創新研究所副總監

(本文同時於二零二六年五月六日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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