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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
US H-1B Fee Hike Creates Tech Opportunity for Mainland China and Hong Kong

US H-1B Fee Hike Creates Tech Opportunity for Mainland China and Hong Kong

1 Oct 2025
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美國H1B簽證費用暴漲:中港把握機遇構築科創新優勢

美國總統特朗普近日簽署行政令,宣布自2025年9月21日起,首次申請H-1B工作簽證的外籍人才需繳納高達10萬美元的簽證費。這一政策突變令美國企業和國際人才措手不及,尤其是科技行業,受到最直接的衝擊。這一政策如果完全實施,將不僅重塑美國科技生態,更會引發全球人才、資本與創新鏈的調整。作為國際金融、貿易與科技樞紐的香港,以及正全力推進科技自立自強的中國內地,更需冷靜研判其潛在衝擊,采取措施把握這一多年難逢的人才機遇。

美國企業面臨人才成本飆升與長期競爭力危機

H-1B簽證費的暴漲雖然在短期內可能迎合部分政治訴求,但從企業運營和產業發展的角度來看,這一政策將推高成本、抑制創新、削弱投資吸引力,最終損害美國經濟的長期競爭力。

在短期內,這一政策將直接推高企業的人力成本。以蘋果、谷歌、亞馬遜、臉書等大型科技公司為例,其研發團隊中相當比例的高技能崗位依賴H-1B簽證持有者。10萬美元的簽證費相當於為每位外籍員工或雇傭外籍員工的企業額外增加一筆巨額開支。若要應對這一成本突增,企業要么擠壓研發預算,要么減少招聘規模,或者在美國國内尋找高科技替代人才,最終影響技術創新能力。對於初創企業而言,衝擊可能更為嚴重。許多新興科技公司本就資金有限,高昂的簽證費將迫使他們放棄引進頂尖國際人才,甚至不得不將研發崗位轉移至海外,以規避成本壓力。這不僅削弱了美國本土的創新生態,更可能導致高技能崗位外流,與政策制定者「保護本土就業」的初衷可能會背道而馳。

從長期來看,這一政策將嚴重損害美國高科技產業的全球競爭力。美國科技行業的優勢很大程度上依賴於其多元開放的人才體系,能夠匯聚全球頂尖工程師、科學家等科技人才。然而,高昂的簽證費釋放出強烈的保護主義信號,可能促使國際人才轉向加拿大、歐洲、或亞洲等移民政策更友好的地區。與此同時,風險投資機構可能也因此重新評估美國科技行業的長期投資價值。如果企業難以招募到國際頂尖人才,創新速度將會放緩,投資回報率也將受到影響。部分資本可能因此轉向其他人才吸引政策更優厚的國家,進一步削弱美國在全球科技競爭中的領先地位。

政策不確定性引發全球人才「避險」流動

H1B申請費用的突然增加,使得美國作為全球人才聚集地的吸引力正面臨嚴峻挑戰。其人才戰略的核心優勢——開放性和穩定性的移民環境正在被動搖。人才的跨國遷移是一項長期且高成本的投入。整個過程中,最重要的決定因素之一便是「確定性」。然而,當前美國反覆出現的激烈辯論和移民政策變動,正在逐漸侵蝕這種信任基礎。即使美國政府最終考慮到這一政策對高科技企業的衝擊,調整弱化這一簽證費的上漲,這種政策不確定性帶來的負面影響也會延續。人們不禁要擔憂:今天是H1B簽證費上漲,明天會不會是綠卡排期延長至十年?這種不確定性將直接影響人才跨國流動的決策心理。

從行為經濟學角度看,這種心理變化正在引發實質性的「避險」流動。全球頂尖科技人才正逐步擺脫對美國市場的路徑依賴,轉而採取多元化佈局策略。近些年來,加拿大、澳大利亞及歐盟各國陸續提出吸引科技人才的移民政策。以加拿大的「全球人才計劃」為例,其快速審批機制(最快兩周獲批)和明確移民路徑,已成功吸納大量原計劃赴美的技術人才。又如「歐盟藍卡」、澳大利亞的「國家創新簽證」等等,為高科技人才提供了成本更低、更加穩定便捷的永居路徑。如今美國簽證費用暴漲至10萬美元,理性決策者自然會重新評估移民選項,轉向政策更穩定、成本更低廉、永居路徑更清晰的目的地。這種人才流動的結構性轉變,或將重塑美國甚至全球的科技創新格局。

更深遠的影響體現在教育領域。美國大學對國際學生的吸引力正在下降,高昂的學費加上不確定的就業前景,使許多潛在留學生開始重新評估赴美留學的風險與收益。這種趨勢若繼續持續,將從根本上削弱美國的人才儲備和科研實力。人才和資本的這種「避險」行為,不僅反映了當前政策環境的問題,更可能對美國長期競爭力產生深遠影響。

香港應把握機遇,打造國際科創樞紐

H1B簽證費的暴漲,短期內也會給我國科技產業和人才帶來陣痛。中美之間技術人才的交流會因高額成本和不確定性面臨諸多挑戰與障礙。但長期看,這一政策衝擊必將催生一個更加多元、均衡的全球創新體系。對於中國内地和中國香港而言,戰略機遇將大於挑戰。如果能有效吸引高科技人才回流中國内地和中國香港,對於營造世界一流的大灣區創新生態至關重要。對於香港,這既是考驗其應變能力的時刻,更是重新定義其作為國際科創樞紐角色的契機。唯有主動應變,才能在全球科技競爭的新格局中鞏固優勢,並為國家的科技強國戰略貢獻不可替代的香港力量。

面對美國的高壁壘,香港可憑藉其「一國兩制」的獨特優勢、簡單低稅制、國際化的生活環境以及背靠內地的廣闊市場,積極吸引那些因受美國簽證政策影響尋找美國替代方案的國際頂尖科技人才和科研團隊,抓住「國際科技人才回流」的歷史性機遇。香港政府近幾年正在積極推進的人才引進計劃,例如「高端人才通行證計劃」和「優秀人才入境計劃」等。為應對這一新變化,香港可進一步優化現有人才計劃,精準聚焦人工智能、金融科技、生物醫藥等香港戰略產業。通過簡化審批流程、提供稅務優惠和生活便利等措施,積極迎接人才回流。

除此之外,香港高校也應積極應對,把握新機遇。面對高額的簽證成本和未來在美國就業的不確定性,更多青年學生會選擇美國以外的留學機會,更多的教授和科學家也可能回流。香港的各大高校也應藉此契機,擴大STEM學科招生,積極吸引頂級教授和科學家回流,並進一步優化就業支持,與香港科技園、金融科技企業加強合作,為香港進一步促進科創人才儲備。

總而言之,美國H1B簽證費用大幅上漲,將重塑全球科技人才流動格局,為香港和中國內地科技發展和創新創造戰略機遇。香港可憑藉其自身政策和國際化環境優勢,積極引入人才。這一趨勢不僅有助於香港鞏固國際金融、貿易與科創樞紐地位,也將進一步發揮超級聯繫人的角色,為國家科技自立自強戰略貢獻力量。

李晶博士

港大經管學院工商管理學學士(國際商業及環球管理)課程副總監

(本文同時於二零二五年十月一日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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