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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
Unveiling the Mask of Fake News

Unveiling the Mask of Fake News

27 Mar 2024
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揭開偽資訊的真面目

今時今日,虛假資訊無孔不入,足以威脅全球經濟。據世界經濟論壇估計,2019年有關經濟損失就高達780億美元;今年1月,該組織更把虛假資訊定為2024年全球最大風險,短期威脅尤甚於氣候變化。

去年調研機構Statista就46個國家及地區的成年人對當地新聞媒體的信任程度進行調查。如【圖】所示,英美分別為33%及32%;至於亞洲地區,泰國51%、新加坡45%、香港39%,台灣只得28%。

除了傳媒,受不實資訊影響的行業亦包括電子商務、健康食品、衛生和藥物,以及金融。本文旨在探討虛假資訊對社會、經濟形成的影響、其傳播的驅動因素,以及可行的應對策略。

混淆視聽加劇疫情

2023年,路透新聞學研究所公布數碼新聞報告,結果顯示在46個國家及地區(包括香港)的調查當中,超過半數(達56%)受訪者憂慮難以辨別互聯網上新聞真假,比例較前一年增加2個百分點。美國皮尤研究中心的一項研究發現,64%的美國人認為,假新聞在時事方面產生極度混淆視聽的影響。根據發表在《美國熱帶醫學與衛生期刊》的論文,2020年1月至3月期間,圍繞新冠肺炎的錯誤資訊導致全球多人死亡,以及數千人入院;期間聯合國教科文組織更稱之為「虛假資訊流行病」(disinfodemic)【註】,不但有礙公共衛生工作,也令疫情變本加厲。

信任是商業交易和消費者行為的重要組成部分,不實資訊會侵蝕企業、機構、個人之間的互信,窒礙經濟活動。在政府層面,虛假資訊會誤導個人判斷和組織決策方向,導致決策失誤,資源分配不當。這種錯配足以在微觀和宏觀經濟層面產生巨大的經濟成本。

飽學之士亦難幸免

由於虛假訊息的複雜性及其所產生的強大心理作用,受眾不論性別、年齡、種族,都有受誤導和愚弄之虞;加上在「認知偏差」的影響下,即使教育程度較高者也會因偏見而誤判,例如基於傾向接受符合其意識形態的資訊,在不知不覺之間助長虛假訊息散播,甚至自身誤墮圈套。

高學歷有時或會讓人過度自信,在評估所接收資訊時警覺性不足,對於來自看似信譽良好或其專業源頭的訊息尤其如此。從政治、經濟到社會的範疇,虛假資訊常用上似是而非、似非而是的複雜語言,驟眼看來令人容易入信。

事實上,人乃群體動物,因同聲相應,同氣相求,不免受虛假資訊蒙蔽。在今日社會大行其道的社交媒體和個人化新聞媒體,更容易產生回音室(echo chamber)效應,以致人云亦云,強化了先入為主之見。

金融危機始作俑者

虛假資訊在資本市場泛濫成災古已有之,例如1720年英國發生「南海泡沫」(South Sea Bubble),當中不可能兌現的承諾鋪天蓋地,市場投機導致經濟泡沫不斷膨脹;當地國會於同年通過《泡沫法》,以遏制市場泡沫化的歪風。

此類事件近年更愈演愈烈,並牽連數碼平台,包括2013年的「推文崩盤」(tweet crash)。事件始自美聯社因其Twitter(現改稱為X)賬戶被駭客入侵而發布了關於白宮爆炸的虛假報道,以致美國股市一度大幅滑落。2023年,《市場調研期刊》(Journal of Marketing Research)的一篇研究文章就發現,有關公司產品的虛假資訊足以導致公司價值劇降,因而影響其股價和投資者信心。

唱高散貨打擊誠信

另一方面,簡化資訊流程的技術與時俱進,詐騙者得以乘虛而入,透過誘導市場交易製造市場波動,又或損害目標實體企業的聲譽,以便從中獲利。結果一眾市場參與者蒙受損失,金融市場的運作備受衝擊,全球監管機構和投資者也須面對莫大挑戰。

觀乎現代資訊生態系統之中,社交媒體已成為訊息瘋傳的溫床;在相關投資者未及採取糾正措施或核查事實之前,虛假資訊往往已人所共知。再者,服務金融市場的自動交易系統(尤其是高頻交易系統),更能在短短幾毫秒之間,因應新聞和社交媒體帖文,遠在交易者未能驗證訊息的準確性之前,就已經執行了可能影響市場價格的交易。

舞弊行為可危及金融市場的不同層面,短期能引發波動,交易量和價格異常飆升;長期或對市場誠信構成損害。無論個人或機構投資者,都可能基於不實資訊而作出倉卒決定,導致市場定價效率下降。虛假宣傳活動可藉操縱市場價格獲利,亦即「唱高散貨」(pump and dump),先以利好消息推高股票價格,然後拋售被高估的股票,再傳播不實的負面消息,以便在低價位回購股票。假以時日,市場誠信難免受到質疑,投資者裹足不前,大大不利於經濟穩定和增長。

金融市場中的虛假資訊,也給監管機構和科技公司帶來重大挑戰。例如美國證券交易委員會等監管機構,雖已採取措施防止和懲罰市場操縱和欺詐行為,卻礙於互聯網無遠弗屆,而虛假訊息可在瞬間瘋傳,令執法難上加難。

四大措施對症下藥

科技公司處於反擊欺詐的最前線,措施涵蓋部署人工智能來檢測不實資訊,以及與事實核查機構緊密合作,但其中涉及虛假資訊策略的複雜性,以及維護言論自由的重要性,這對科技公司造成一定障礙。

虛假資訊對金融市場的穩定性和效率構成巨大風險──既能煽動快速的市場波動,亦會蠶食投資者的信心,因此必須採取警惕和協調的方法,以查核真實性。雖然監管機構和科技公司發揮關鍵作用,但個人投資者亦須培養明辨是非的能力,力求分清所接收資訊的真偽。

隨着金融市場與技術日新月異,抵禦虛假資訊的策略亟須與時並進;具體措施大致可分以下4方面:

一、加強媒體素養:個人須慎思明辨,以提高對偽造資訊的抵禦能力;作出明智的決定,有助減少假訊息造成的經濟損失。

二、查證核實資料:事實核查機構在揭穿騙局和提高資訊準確性一環,發揮舉足輕重的作用,有助於建立一個較為可靠的資訊生態系統。

三、深化平台責任:針對減少不實資訊傳播背後的經濟誘因,社交媒體平台和科技公司應實施更嚴格的內容審核政策、先進的演算法和用戶舉報機制,以嚴防假訊息的傳播。

四、國際合作與監管:憑藉各國政府、民間組織與科技公司之間的通力合作,可以促進制定打擊虛假訊息的綜合戰略。提升透明度、問責制和數據私隱的監管框架,應能進一步遏止不實訊息的傳播。

虛假資訊不但有損個人和整體社會利益,對市場受信任程度和資源分配,以至產業和經濟決策都大有威脅。話雖如此,通過了解其傳播背後的驅動因素,配合針對性策略,當能減輕相關的經濟損失。只有透過借助跨越國界的共同努力,方能創造一個更具彈性和可信度高的資訊生態系統,從而令全球經濟穩步向前。

 

【註】:Disinfodemic: deciphering COVID-19 disinformation, UNESCO

 

謝國生教授

港大經管學院金融學首席講師、新界鄉議局當然執行委員

 

黃影紅女士

港大經管學院榮譽副研究員

(本文同時於二零二四年三月二十七日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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