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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
Understanding different types of scams

Understanding different types of scams

30 Jun 2021
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騙術面面觀

2007年至2019年期間,香港特區罪犯人數呈現下降趨勢【表1】,非暴力罪案下跌29%,詐騙及偽造案件跌幅更達32%,反映警方期間的預防罪案措施和執法行動奏效。

【表1】2007–2019 年香港特區犯罪被捕人數

資料來源:香港特區政府統計處

通訊投資騙局

但根據警務處資料,詐騙案近兩年有增無已【圖】。警務處反詐騙協調中心所公開的數據顯示,單在2021年3月,詐騙案數目與受害人損失金額,比去年同期都大幅上升,電話騙案及投資騙案的增幅更尤其嚴重【表2】。

【圖】2010–2020 年香港特區詐騙案數目

資料來源:香港特區警務處

 

【表2】2020–2021 年香港特區騙案類別

資料來源:香港特區警務處反詐騙協調中心

 

時代進步,隨着科技發達、社交媒體流行,騙徒的詐騙手法亦層出不窮,而他們最常用的是電話及商業層面的電郵。如【表2】所示,今年3月的電話及電郵騙案共124宗,損失金額超過4億港元。其中主要是假冒公司高層、公營機構職員和政府執法部門人員。去年發生的騙案還包括1萬元「現金發放計劃」及虛擬貨幣(如比特幣)高回報騙局。

網上情緣騙案

近年社交媒體及交友應用程式流行,加上本地適婚男女比例失衡,感情騙案急劇上升;受害人多因網上裸聊、援交或情騙而蒙受財色損失。單是今年3月,網上情緣騙案達154宗,較去年同期激增83%;損失金額超過4100萬元,數字等於去年同期的約3倍,足見其嚴重性。據警方2017年的統計,超過九成的受害人為女性,八成年齡介乎31至60歲;受害人中服務業從業員及專業人士佔67%,而所有受害人其實從未親身或透過視像通話見過對方。

熱戀情侶一旦分手,或有埋怨感情金錢受騙,心中不忿而要對簿公堂,企圖向對方追討損失。網上情緣的當事人是否真的「受害」,技術上較難判定,因為交往之初,雙方「志趣相投」甚或已經「情投意合」,情感交流以至和金錢上的付出,一概你情我願,從中亦感到滿足愉快。筆者認識的一位城中獨身億萬富豪,就抱持這種看法:「欺詐又何妨,最重要是騙得我開心,在我有生之年別讓我發現真相便可!」若基於此一觀點,被拋棄的網上情人以受騙為由鬧上法庭,恐怕難以達到興訟的目的。

傳銷騙局

比較複雜巧妙的詐騙手法,則有層壓式傳銷及近乎龐氏騙局的投資陷阱。層壓式傳銷的慣常伎倆是透過開設「公司」或「拍賣網站」,提供傳銷實貨或出售代幣計劃,以「成功人士」及「本小利大、賺錢快」作招徠。傳銷主要是以高壓方式,慫恿參加者繳付巨款購買傳銷貨品,如資金不足,公司會引導參加者向財務公司高息借貸。參加者的收入來自貨品的買賣差價以及不斷招攬新血入行,以賺取豐厚佣金。

有百年歷史的龐氏騙局則是一種以投資方案為掩眼法的非法傳銷方式,將後來者的資金支付已承諾前期投資者的高利潤回報,要是新投資無以為繼,整個計劃便逐漸破壞敗露。龐氏騙局的常用吸引招數為「高收益、零風險」、回報長期一致兼迅速,公司的投資策略每多複雜難明,更經常催促投資者加大投資額度。1990年代在香港出現的牛奶種金投資,手法就跟龐氏騙局如出一轍;其他類似騙局亦不在少數。

欺詐手法

細心分析以上各種騙局,不難發現詐騙手法不外乎幾道板斧。一般的個人財務詐騙行為只有單一目標,就是不擇手段獵取鎖定對象的個人資料(包括身份證號碼、出生日期、居住及工作地址),甚至財務資料(如銀行戶口資料、信用卡密碼等),從而牟取目標對象的錢財。

騙徒事前會審時度勢,找緊一個黃金時機:傳染病大流行、全民派錢計劃、炙手可熱的虛擬貨幣一一可加利用;金融投資市場大幅波動、經濟不景、社會環境動盪、司法制度不明朗、跨境執法透明度不足等因素,都可以為騙徒提供犯罪的客觀條件。詐騙計劃既定,下一步就是選擇有效、普及的媒介,如電話、電郵、網頁、社交平台,甚至美人計等,務求目標對象上釣。

行騙成功與否,取決於能否針對目標對象的弱點,令他們毫無保留地相信而墮入圈套。普羅大眾不一定都愚昧,卻總不乏愚昧的人,人性更有諸多弱點,如少勞多得、迷信鬼神、感情空虛,又或用情不專、缺乏人生方向等;但騙徒能夠得手,皆因看透人的貪念。

防騙之道

世界各地政府一直打擊投資罪行,龐氏騙局何以未能根除?原因可以追溯到大約2008年金融風暴時期,當時金融服務業爆炸式增長,投資工具繁雜多樣。面對環球經濟不景,多國政府通過減低利率和量化寬鬆穩定金融市場及刺激經濟,因崩盤而暴露的龐氏騙局數字曾創新高。每當投資市場充斥着過度貪婪的投資者,或經濟萎縮導致整體投資回報下滑時,龐氏騙局就有機可乘。這些騙局表面上跟一般金融市場的交易無甚分別,但單靠市場監管未能加以杜絕。當今互聯網資訊泛濫,投資機會俯拾皆是,騙徒於是以驚人回報利誘投資者。

龐氏騙局通常針對追求固定利率投資而不夠成熟的投資者,尤其依賴低風險低回報的退休人士,因當利率急降或長期處於低位而收入減少,就會為求高收益,易於忽略其中高風險,成為甕中之鱉。

當投資市場持續上揚,邁進牛市時,追求高利潤的投資項目因受追捧,而助長龐氏騙局。牛市獲媒體廣泛報道,亦利好投資氣氛;「風險投資」大行其道,充斥着投機和冒險投資,不成熟的投資者尤易誤墮圈套。在信貸寬鬆環境下,投資者容易借錢作高風險投資,一旦市場形勢逆轉,高槓桿更可令投資者傾家蕩產,引發投資回贖潮。

俗語有云:「橋不怕舊,至緊要受」,這正是騙徒的信念,加上社會變化,經濟轉移,通訊科技應用普及,詐騙集團容易藉此向目標入手。況且電訊網絡詐騙案多屬跨國性質,要徹底瓦解殊非易事。為免墮進詐騙陷阱,還是老話一句,在電話、電郵、社交媒體上萬勿輕信人言,更不要亂闖網上情關,緊守個人財物之餘,務須為個人資料把關。

投資也不應單靠互聯網上的「資訊」,對於回報高得不切實際的投資計劃,尤其是聲稱低風險、高回報之類,更須嚴加提防。辦法之一是多參考反詐騙協調中心網頁,了解最新的詐騙手法,時時在意、步步留心,均有助於減低自己成為詐騙新聞主角的風險。

 

謝國生博士

港大經管學院金融學首席講師、新界鄉議局當然執行委員

(本文同時於二零二一年六月三十日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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