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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
The Rise of Metaverse

The Rise of Metaverse

23 Feb 2022
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虛擬宇宙 漸露勢頭

不論在線上線下,「元宇宙」(Metaverse)都是城中熱話。何謂元宇宙?簡單來說,它是結合了虛擬實境(Virtual Reality)、擴增實境(Augmented Reality)、混合實境(Mixed Reality)、人工智能、區塊鏈(Blockchain)、社交網絡、網媒、網購等元素的新版互聯網。

元宇宙的誕生

雖然意指未來,此詞卻早於1992年的科幻小說《雪崩》(Snow Crash)中首度出現。2021年10月底,臉書母公司Facebook, Inc.正式易名為Meta Platforms, Inc.(商業名稱為Meta),並宣稱元宇宙為下一個前沿技術,供使用者日常生活、工作、娛樂之用。

元宇宙涵蓋虛擬世界和物質世界,日後人類在元宇宙內將可打破物理法則完成更多工作和活動,例如透過虛擬「分身」參加會議等等。在農曆新年期間,香港就在虛擬平台Cryptovoxels舉行了全港首個元宇宙年宵(Mart in Metaverse),讓參加者在虛擬市場購物和遊玩。

元宇宙用途極廣,可用作商務溝通、遙距醫療以及透過虛擬實境參觀物業單位等。筆者相信,未來各大企業將會結合「實體」和「虛擬」兩方面。微軟行政總裁納德拉(Satya Nadella)提出了「數碼分身」(Digital Twin)概念,即企業的實體廠房、辦公室、伺服器中心等,會全部複製到企業的日常運作系統,另備一個數碼模型(「分身」)。數碼分身能隨時模仿企業在實體世界的運作,針對在現實世界中可能發生的問題,及早作出改善建議,從而提升競爭力。

虛擬地產雛形

目前世界上已經有數個元宇宙虛擬平台,包括沙盒(The Sandbox)和Decentraland,當中的交易通常以加密貨幣或非同質化代幣(Non-Fungible Token;簡稱NFT)進行。數碼藝術家Beeple的作品《每天:前5000天》(Everydays : The First 5000 Days)就以NFT進行交易,去年在佳士得拍賣會上以近7000萬美元成交。除了錄像、音樂等數碼藝術,NFT交易市場還包含虛擬不動產的交易。NFT交易平台OpenSea更供用家買賣虛擬土地和房屋。

虛擬土地就是元宇宙中的地產,每塊地以獨一無二且不可複製的NFT來區分每筆交易。土地供應商(賣家)和用戶(買家)可在平台買賣虛擬土地,作居住或商業用途。為了確保數碼不動產保值,元宇宙的土地數量有限,而且供應也不可能增加,所以只有一部分人有機會購得。例如在Decentraland裏只有9萬幅地,每幅長、寬大約50英呎(15.24米)。限量供應的概念與比特幣相似,即有限的虛擬貨幣流通後,達到一定數量就不會再增加。故擁有虛擬業權可視為資產地位和身份象徵。

有人不禁會問:如此購得的土地或物業究竟有何用途?這裏不妨用元宇宙集團(Metaverse Group ),一家專注於虛擬平台的房地產公司為例。集團在Decentraland購買的土地位於時尚區,可用作潮流活動的場地。只要透過建設優質土地、內容,配合別出心裁的營運方式吸引用戶,就可為虛擬空間製造價值。通過建立並營辦商場、大學、醫院、美術館等,用戶可在元宇宙獲利。在不同平台購置虛擬土地,就好比在不同城市買地,各有定價標準。不過在元宇宙買賣土地需要使用平台認可代幣,比如Sandbox的Sand或Decentraland的Mana等,虛擬土地經轉讓或出租後便能產生價值。

2021年6月,虛擬地產商Republic Realm在Decentraland買了259幅地,花費大約等同90萬美元。根據追蹤NFT交易數據的網站DappRadar,這是Decentraland當時最昂貴的NFT土地交易。後來元宇宙集團更以240萬美元在Decentraland購買116塊土地,面積較Republic Realm購入的土地小。

同年12月,香港新世界發展集團宣布購買沙盒中一幅虛擬地皮,計劃建造創新中心;據報地價約為500萬美元,刷新Republic Realm早前在沙盒創下的430萬美元成交紀錄。由此可見,虛擬地皮有價有市!

在不少人心目中,元宇宙也許只是虛擬遊戲而已,投資虛擬房地產未免匪夷所思。正如三、四十年前,一般人還搞不懂互聯網到底是什麼,在踏入本世紀之際,社交媒體的應用還未普及;但時至今日,互聯網在工作、學習、購物等方面已是我們生活的一部分。虛擬土地價格一再飆升,買賣這類房地產可視作投機活動,畢竟有關交易只在虛擬世界內獲得認可,本質上是購買平台所提供的服務。一旦平台營運出現問題,投入的資金很可能化為泡影。

開拓融資空間

根據市場調查機構Emergen Research 2021年11月的研究報告,元宇宙這新興產業在未來10年內,將以每年43.3%的複合增長率高速發展,相關的概念股亦已陸續出現。同年6月,投資公司Roundhill Investments推出了Roundhill Ball Metaverse,一個以虛擬實境和擴增實境為主題的基金,為市場提供投資元宇宙的機會。該基金旗下管理的資產至今已上漲至9.16億美元之多。在2021年11月,加拿大單日內推出了兩項元宇宙交易所買賣基金(Exchange Traded Fund;簡稱ETF)。截至同年12月28日,全球元宇宙ETF資產已飆升至22億美元,其中大部分在2021年第三季推出。

根據美國ETF供應商ProShares提交美國證券交易委員會的文件顯示,該公司計劃推出ProShares元宇宙主題ETF(ProShares Metaverse Theme ETF),以追蹤Solactive元宇宙主題指數(Solactive Metaverse Theme Index)表現。該指數由元宇宙相關產品和技術的公司組成,蘋果、Meta和輝達(Nvidia)是當中權重最高的股票。

概念亦有可為

坊間或有疑問:元宇宙是騙局嗎?畢竟,在經歷2015年發行虛擬實境概念股和2021年加密貨幣起飛後,投資者才懂得以較審慎的態度看待這些新興概念股。須知元宇宙只是一個概念,還須種種技術(如:5G通訊、人工智能)加以配合;從這個角度而言,元宇宙並非騙局。

當前元宇宙就恍如一個原始世界,很多事物和生態還處於構建階段,可塑性甚高。市場普遍認為元宇宙將令線上模式出現鋪天蓋地的改變。事實上,只要元宇宙社區創建完善,就能吸引用戶和消費者。相關的企業自然會有發展潛力,各式各樣的商機亦會應運而生。

放眼未來,元宇宙的走勢仍是未知之數,但筆者認為,目前現實世界已開始與虛擬世界融合。任何新概念股均存在風險,虛擬資產交易也不例外,而且這些交易在多國更仍未受法律規管。不過在新冠疫情衝擊下,受限於社交距離措施、民眾減少外出,大眾唯有在虛擬世界聚會,甚至舉行婚禮,這無疑助長了元宇宙的發展。不容忽視的是,元宇宙的經濟模式可望於未來數年充分發揮,一如電子郵件和社交媒體,將為大眾提供一個與現實生活銜接的虛擬空間。

 

謝國生 港大經管學院金融學首席講師、新界鄉議局當然執行委員

何敏淙 为港大经管学院经济金融学助教

 

(本文同時於二零二二年二月二十三日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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