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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
The competition of three currencies

The competition of three currencies

16 Dec 2020
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三種貨幣之爭

2008年10月,一個名叫中本聰的作者,將一篇論文傳到一個密碼學的電郵名單,其中詳細解釋如何構建一個去中心化的數字資產。2009年1月,第一批這樣的資產誕生了,正是今天鼎鼎大名的比特幣。

比特幣在誕生早期價格非常廉宜,曾經有用5000個比特幣購買一個意大利薄餅的紀錄。這個食客現在一定會後悔,本文執筆之時,每個比特幣價值約為19000美元,那個薄餅現價相當於7.4億港元!

比特幣有兩個優點。第一,它的總數是有一個數學上限的,並不如政府發行的貨幣沒有上限;政府濫發貨幣後果可大可小,輕則侵蝕貨幣的價值,重則引發經濟危機,甚至產生戰亂。第二,比特幣以匿名方式持有和使用,這固然會吸引犯罪分子,但同時也會是熱愛自由和重視保護私有產權的人所嚮往。

加密貨幣的弊端

筆者一直對比特幣抱持懷疑的態度。第一,就是對其背後的技術所知有限,信心不足,事實上,加密的方法層出不窮,至今加密貨幣已有幾千種,所以雖然比特幣供應量有限,加密貨幣的總供應量未必真的有上限。

第二,就是不肯定政府對它的態度。如果政府加以全面取締,它的接受程度就會只限於小眾之間,其價格自然從天堂掉落凡間,肯定是災難。

第三,它有可能被永久丟失的風險。因為一旦遺失私人密碼,就沒有任何辦法證明你是持有人;同樣道理,一旦身故,若果沒有把私人密碼事先交給承繼者,從此就沒有人可認領,這些比特幣也會永久丟失。這和銀行存款不一樣,你丟失了賬戶密碼,經過手續確認身份之後,可以獲得新密碼;你一旦身故,繼承人仍然可以取回那些存款。

加密幣獲得承認

最近Paypal公司提供平台,讓美國用戶買賣包括比特幣在內的4種加密貨幣,並且在不久的將來,可使用比特幣購買平台中的商戶產品,這是加密貨幣廣受承認和普及化的重要里程碑。這個平台容許用戶買賣分數值的比特幣,而毋須逐個購買,用戶也毋須擔心丟失私人密碼,因為他們並不直接擁有比特幣,而是通過Paypal這個中介平台而持有。至於Paypal這個平台是否值得信任,又或會否構成風險,倒是用戶應考慮的問題;但話說回來,即使銀行也會倒閉,以致存戶亦有存款化為烏有的風險。

投資界名宿達利奧是橋水公司的創辦人,之前一直懷疑比特幣作為流通貨幣的可行性,最近也承認可能有思慮不周的地方。此外,隨着陸續有傳統基金開始接受數碼貨幣作為投資資產,可見加密貨幣漸獲普遍承認,至少在美國的情況如此。比特幣原本是小眾所接受的去中心化的交易工具,但是比特幣今天日趨普及,甚至獲得主流金融機構的承認,而且吸引了無數投機者參與買賣,實在始料不及。不過,對於比特幣的投資者,看見比特幣價格飆升,也就樂觀其成。到底比特幣有沒有形成泡沫,筆者不得而知,投資涉及風險,明年今天比特幣的價值未必會較今天高,當然也不一定較低,筆者見過最樂觀的估計,是明年比特幣會升至10萬美元一個!

數字人民幣將國力推向極致

最近各國都討論發行虛擬的數字貨幣。中國就已經開始發行數字人民幣,筆者認為,中國的數字人民幣和比特幣之類的加密貨幣完全不同,打個比喻,就像寶蓮燈和阿拉丁神燈。儘管兩者都屬於虛擬貨幣,但比特幣這類虛擬貨幣並不是政府發行,其出現原因正正是要避免政府的干預。這些加密貨幣也以匿名方式持有,交易時不着痕跡。數字人民幣則是由政府發行,而且是實名制的(對小額賬戶而言,名義上雖然並非如此,但其身份仍可以追蹤到)。換言之,你擁有多少數字貨幣,如何運用,交易方是誰,政府是知道的,而且都有記錄。數字人民幣的普遍使用,當然會令貪污非法行為如洗黑錢等活動,難以進行,但同時也會使得公民社會的空間收窄,極端情況下,就連行乞或在街頭賣藝,都必須事先得到許可才行。

在貨幣研究中有一種叫「貨幣替代」(currency substitution)的現象,指一個國家的國民不使用本國貨幣,而選用另外一個國家的貨幣去交易;又或者不僅使用本國貨幣,還廣泛使用另一個國家的貨幣進行交易。拉丁美洲國家就普遍使用美元,東南亞國家在旅遊景點也會使用美元。近年人民幣用途日廣,隨着中國經濟進一步發展,美國相對衰落,人民幣在海外的流通量只會愈來愈大。

如果中國政府願意推廣數字人民幣在海外的用途,更會使人民幣在國際上更廣受承認,但也無可避免會左右各國對各自貨幣政策的自主權。此外,海外使用者既須遵行實名制,中國政府自然就能掌握其個人資料和消費行為,而在政治上產生深遠的影響。

以比特幣為首的加密貨幣,雖已在美國成為一個重要的投資類別,然而未必足以左右聯儲局的貨幣政策。反觀數字人民幣的普及,卻可能加速美元作為國際貨幣的衰落。西方的加密貨幣和中國的數字人民幣兩種虛擬貨幣今後如何發展,對美元又會構成何等威脅,實在值得密切觀察;這裏面有很多值得研究的地方,對研究者來說無疑是個寶藏。

趙耀華 港大經管學院副教授

(本文同時於二零二零年十二月十六日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄。)

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