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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
Tariff War Intensifies: Navigating Challenges and Opportunities in a Changing Global Economy

Tariff War Intensifies: Navigating Challenges and Opportunities in a Changing Global Economy

2 Apr 2025
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關稅戰升級:全球經濟新格局下的挑戰與機遇

自美國總統特朗普(Donald Trump)二次執政以來,新一輪貿易戰已全面展開。從2025年3月起,美國不僅對全球鋼鐵和鋁産品徵收25%的進口關稅,還對中國、加拿大、墨西哥等主要貿易夥伴實施特定關稅,進一步加劇全球貿易緊張局勢。面對美國日益強硬的貿易保護主義政策,歐盟、加拿大和中國等透過訴訟、談判和反制措施試圖緩解關稅壓力。然而,美國並未止步於此。3月26日,特朗普宣佈從4月2日起對所有進口到美國的汽車加徵25%的關稅,並計劃在一個月後對美國組裝汽車中的非美國零部件徵收同等關稅。與此同時,針對全球產品的 「對等關稅」(reciprocal tariffs)亦同步實施,進一步擴大貿易戰的規模。

自特朗普首次執政以來,關稅政策一直是其經濟戰略的核心。他堅信關稅能夠提振美國製造業、促進就業,是「讓美國再次偉大」的重要手段。然而,現實情況卻表明,這一政策正引發全球範圍內的擔憂和負面影響。經典經濟學理論早已證明,關稅的提升會透過多種途徑抑制經濟增長。首先,關稅導致進口價格提升,直接損害消費者利益,降低實際購買力,進而削弱消費能力。其次,進口成本上升亦提高本國企業的生產成本,並透過供應鏈傳到相關產業,導致產出減少,企業面臨資金壓力,甚至可能引發連鎖反應,影響整體投資環境。儘管如此,特朗普依然堅信,通過關稅施加的壓力所帶來的經濟效益,將超越其潛在損失。然而,隨著貿易戰的持續升級,美國和全球的企業和消費者或將面臨更大的傷害。

 

關稅牆升級,蔓延全球

美國提出對等關稅,將貿易對抗從雙邊升級為多邊。面對特朗普無差別的關稅政策,各國政府和各跨國企業正在重新審視中長期的貿易格局及其投資戰略。新的「對等關稅」措施不僅會考慮其他國家對美徵收關稅的水平,還會綜合考慮該國對其產業提供的補貼,以及任何美方認為可能存在不公平的貿易行為。由此可見,所謂的對等關稅,實際是以美國利益—尤其是企業利益—為核心而重新定義的貿易規則。實施對等關稅,無疑會遭到各國反制。這不僅進一步加大了全球經濟的不確定性,同時也使得美國經濟面臨更大的挑戰。

歷史不會重演,但總是會驚人的相似。1930年的著名的斯姆特-霍利關稅法案(The Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act)也是美國貿易保護主義的一次激進嘗試。為了解決國內產能過剩,保護美國本土産業和幫助受困農民,該法案將美國近兩萬多種進口商品的關稅提升至歷史高位。法案通過後,來自各國的報復性關稅措施也使美國經濟面臨重創,導致美國在大蕭條時進出口減少近三分之二。雖然沒有證據表明報復性關稅是導致美國經濟大蕭條的直接原因,但是報復性關稅對美國市場的壓力,以及圍繞法案的一系列負面爭端,無疑是美國經濟大衰退的催化劑。

時至今日,特朗普仍然試圖以加徵關稅解決美國國內就業等一系列經濟問題,使美國變得更加富裕。然而,根據對特朗普第一次執政時關稅戰略的評估,加徵關稅所帶來的成效十分有限。相比之下,這種保護主義政策往往適得其反。貿易戰帶來的通貨膨脹、投資不確定性等負面效應,使得美國民衆和企業同樣受累。特朗普二次執政後,關稅戰愈演愈烈。如果對等關稅如期執行,新的稅收規則將不僅僅是特朗普為美國爭取利益而發出的威脅,預期各國的反制措施也會使美國經濟雪上加霜,並進一步陷入類似當年斯姆特-霍利關稅法案的困境。

 

拉攏各國合作 中國謀破局

據2024年貿易數據顯示,中國、歐盟、墨西哥、越南和台灣分列美國貿易逆差前五位,考慮到特朗普再執政後,中國已被美國徵收20%額外關稅,在此次對等關稅的框架下,中國可能不會受到更多衝擊。但對等關稅的具體實施細則,還有待4月2日美國的最新公布,值得密切關注。

此外,這輪貿易戰將會明顯有別於2018年發起的中美貿易戰,中國不再是美國關稅針對的重點,波及範圍將涉及更多國家,甚至包括美國的眾多傳統盟友,因此各國企業為控制貿易成本,投資策略料會呈現不同格局。

在中美貿易戰期間,許多企業會選擇與越南或墨西哥等國合作,以繞開美國對中國加徵的關稅。不過,面對特朗普可能實施更廣泛的關稅戰略,這投資策略的有效性將大減,以致投資環境的不確定性急劇增加,令「逃離」中國不再是規避關稅最佳選擇。企業需要重新評估其國際投資戰略以及以往對中國的投資決策,以應對全球貿易環境的最新變化。

為了應對美國保護主義政策,世界各國也會更積極地尋求新的國際合作機會,試圖繞開美國的關稅壁壘,降低貿易戰所帶來的壓力,以維護自身的經濟利益和發展空間。

在這一背景下,中國應充分利用當前國際合作的契機,積極拓展與各國互惠合作。特別是在貿易、投資和科技創新等領域,中國可深化《區域全面經濟夥伴關繫協定》(RCEP)等機制,建立更緊密的夥伴關係。

透過深化國際合作,中國不僅能夠增強自身在全球經濟中的影響力,還能為構建更加開放、多元、互惠共贏的國際經濟秩序作出重要貢獻。

 

李晶博士
港大經管學院工商管理學學士(國際商業及環球管理)課程副總監

(本文同時於二零二五年四月二日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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