logo
  • Global Presence
  • About Us
        • About us about us
        • A Premier Business School in Asia with Global Influence
        • Overview
          • Message from the Dean
          • Vision & Mission
          • Milestones
          • Partnerships & Global Network
          • Beta Gamma Sigma HKU Chapter
          • Rankings & Accreditations
          • Corporate Collaboration
        • Leadership
          • Faculty Management
          • International Advisory Council
        • Our Stories
        • Contact Us
        • Staff Portal
        • Campuses
  • Programmes
        • Programmes programmes
        • Diversified Learning Experience Empowers our Students
        • Undergraduate
        • Masters
          • MAA
          • MAcct
          • MCGRM
          • MEcon
          • MFWM
          • MFin
          • MFFinTech
          • MGM
          • MSAF
          • MSc(BA)
          • MScMktg
          • MWM
        • MBAs & EMBAs
          • MBA
          • IMBA
          • HKU EMBA
        • PhD
        • Executive Education
        • DBA
  • People
        • People people
        • International Faculty Body that Offers Quality Education
        • Faculty
        • Post-Doctoral Fellows
        • Demonstrators/ Teaching Assistants
        • Research Postgraduate Students
        • Administration
  • Research
        • Research research
        • Lead the Frontier of Knowledge Creation
        • Thought Leadership
          • Latest Research Publications
          • HKEJ Column
          • FT Chinese Column
          • In the Media
        • Academic Areas
        • Faculty Members
        • Research Grants
        • Seminars & Conferences
          • Edward K Y Chen Distinguished Lecture Series
        • Research Centres & Institutes
        • Hong Kong Macroeconomics Forecast
        • HKU Knowledge Exchange
        • HKU Scholars Hub
        • Shenzhen Research Institutes
  • Events
  • Media
        • Media media
        • Inspire the Society and Community with Rigorous Insights
        • School News
        • In the Media
        • Press Release
  • Career
        • Career career
        • Fostering Strategic Partnerships and Talent Development
        • Recruit our Talents
        • Student Career Development
        • Career Opportunities
          • Faculty Recruitments
          • HKU Career Site
  • 繁
  • 简
Type To Search
logo
Type To Search
  • Global Presence
  • About Us
        • About us about us
        • A Premier Business School in Asia with Global Influence
        • Overview
          • Message from the Dean
          • Vision & Mission
          • Milestones
          • Partnerships & Global Network
          • Beta Gamma Sigma HKU Chapter
          • Rankings & Accreditations
          • Corporate Collaboration
        • Leadership
          • Faculty Management
          • International Advisory Council
        • Our Stories
        • Contact Us
        • Staff Portal
        • Campuses
  • Programmes
        • Programmes programmes
        • Diversified Learning Experience Empowers our Students
        • Undergraduate
        • Masters
          • MAA
          • MAcct
          • MCGRM
          • MEcon
          • MFWM
          • MFin
          • MFFinTech
          • MGM
          • MSAF
          • MSc(BA)
          • MScMktg
          • MWM
        • MBAs & EMBAs
          • MBA
          • IMBA
          • HKU EMBA
        • PhD
        • Executive Education
        • DBA
  • People
        • People people
        • International Faculty Body that Offers Quality Education
        • Faculty
        • Post-Doctoral Fellows
        • Demonstrators/ Teaching Assistants
        • Research Postgraduate Students
        • Administration
  • Research
        • Research research
        • Lead the Frontier of Knowledge Creation
        • Thought Leadership
          • Latest Research Publications
          • HKEJ Column
          • FT Chinese Column
          • In the Media
        • Academic Areas
        • Faculty Members
        • Research Grants
        • Seminars & Conferences
          • Edward K Y Chen Distinguished Lecture Series
        • Research Centres & Institutes
        • Hong Kong Macroeconomics Forecast
        • HKU Knowledge Exchange
        • HKU Scholars Hub
        • Shenzhen Research Institutes
  • Events
  • Media
        • Media media
        • Inspire the Society and Community with Rigorous Insights
        • School News
        • In the Media
        • Press Release
  • Career
        • Career career
        • Fostering Strategic Partnerships and Talent Development
        • Recruit our Talents
        • Student Career Development
        • Career Opportunities
          • Faculty Recruitments
          • HKU Career Site
港大經管學院
  • Global Presence
  • About Us
    • Overview
      • Message from the Dean
      • Vision & Mission
      • Milestones
      • Partnerships & Global Network
      • Beta Gamma Sigma HKU Chapter
      • Rankings & Accreditations
      • Corporate Collaboration
    • Leadership
      • Faculty Management
      • International Advisory Council
    • Our Stories
    • Contact Us
    • Staff Portal
    • Campuses
  • Programmes
    • Undergraduate
    • Masters
      • MAA
      • MAcct
      • MCGRM
      • MEcon
      • MFWM
      • MFin
      • MFFinTech
      • MGM
      • MSAF
      • MSc(BA)
      • MScMktg
      • MWM
    • MBAs & EMBAs
      • MBA
      • IMBA
      • HKU EMBA
    • DBA
    • PhD
    • Executive Education
  • People
    • Faculty
    • Post-Doctoral Fellows
    • Demonstrators/ Teaching Assistants
    • Research Postgraduate Students
    • Administration
  • Research
    • Thought Leadership
      • Latest Research Publications
      • HKEJ Column
      • FT Chinese Column
      • In the Media
    • Academic Areas
    • Faculty Members
    • Research Grants
    • Seminars & Conferences
      • Edward K Y Chen Distinguished Lecture Series
    • Research Centres & Institutes
    • Hong Kong Macroeconomics Forecast
    • HKU Knowledge Exchange
    • HKU Scholars Hub
    • Shenzhen Research Institutes
  • Events
  • Media
    • School News
    • In the Media
    • Press Release
  • Career
    • Recruit our Talents
    • Student Career Development
    • Career Opportunities
      • Faculty Recruitments
      • HKU Career Site

HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
Sovereign wealth fund and ways to improve fiscal reserves income

Sovereign wealth fund and ways to improve fiscal reserves income

17 Feb 2021
Share on TwitterShare on FacebookShare on WhatsappShare on LinkedInShare on Email
主權財富基金和如何提高財政儲備收益

有留意國際金融事務的讀者,除了知道互惠基金、對沖基金、私募基金、風險投資等概念外,一定也會注意到主權財富基金(Sovereign Wealth Fund)。香港人最熟悉的可能是新加坡的淡馬錫,它亦是渣打銀行的主要股東。本文的目的是介紹主權財富基金,順帶談及香港財政儲備如何增值的問題。

主權財富基金泛指由國家成立的跨境投資基金。雖然那些並非主權地區,但經濟上扮演獨立角色的地區(如香港),其政府成立的投資基金,也應歸類為主權財富基金,讀者請勿單單看到主權一詞,就賦予太多的政治聯想。

主權財富基金世界排名

根據主權財富基金研究所(Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute)資料顯示,全球最大95個主權財富基金的資產總值為82440億美元,其中74%由首十強所佔,價值達59522億美元【表】。第一位是挪威政府退休金基金,第二是中國投資公司,第四則是香港金融管理局(金管局)所管理的外匯基金。第六、第七位均為新加坡的主權財富基金:新加坡政府投資公司和淡馬錫控股,同一個國家就已經有兩個主權投資基金;而中東國家在十大之中更佔了四位(第三、第五、第八、第十)。

【表】十大主權財富基金

(單位:10億美元)

1Norway Government Pension Fund Global$1,273.5歐洲
2China Investment Corporation$1,045.7亞洲
3Abu Dhabi Investment Authority$579.6中東
4Hong Kong Monetary Authority Investment Portfolio$576.0亞洲
5Kuwait Investment Authority$533.7中東
6GIC Private Limited$453.2亞洲
7Temasek Holdings$417.4亞洲
8Public Investment Fund$399.5中東
9National Council for Social Security Fund$372.1亞洲
10Investment Corporation of Dubai$301.5中東

 

資料來源:https://www.swfinstitute.org/fund-rankings/sovereign-wealth-fund  (檢索於2021年2月13日)

主權財富基金的分類

從資金來源的角度來說,主權財富基金一般分為兩類。第一類資金源於石油、天然氣之類商品的生產,中東諸國和挪威的主權財富基金即屬此類。

第二類是在國際貿易中有經常盈餘的國家,或因某種原因積累了大量外匯儲備的國家,由中央銀行或另一專門管理機構用作海外投資,金管局的外匯基金即屬此類。

由於資金來源有別,以上兩類主權財富基金的投資目標和策略也不一樣。第一類主權基金的資金雖然基本上來自政府或市民,但並沒有規定要把資金或收益定期攤分給持份者,所以投資策略可以進取一點,並以增值為目標。鑑於這類基金透明度不足,投資目標到底以純商業利益為主,抑或有其他策略性考慮,倒是耐人尋味。

第二類主權財富基金由於資金來自外匯儲備,嚴格來說這些資金並不屬於國家或地區所有,因為當其貨幣被出售時,外匯儲備就會減少,因此基金的目標聚焦保本,尤須提防下行風險。

香港外匯基金的使命

根據金管局資料,外匯基金資產分為四部分:第一是「支持組合」(backing portfolio),即「流通性極高及優質的美元資產,為貨幣基礎提供十足支持,並用以履行聯繫匯率制度下的兌換保證」。第二是「投資組合」(investment portfolio),「投資於債券和股票市場(包括已發展和新興市場經濟體),以保障資產的價值及長期購買力」。2019年年終,外匯基金資產總值達4200億港元,上述兩個組合分別佔44% 和48%,合共佔外匯基金的絕大部分 (【圖1】)。

第三是「長期增長組合」(long-term growth portfolio),由金管局在2009年推出,「以審慎及循序漸進的方式投資私募股權及海外房地產」。第四部分是「策略性資產組合」(strategic portfolio),設立於2007年,持有特區政府因應策略性目的而購入的港交所股份。此一組合性質特殊,並無納入評估外匯基金的投資表現之中。

【圖1】 2019年年終外匯基金的主要資產及負債規模

資料來源:https://www.hkma.gov.hk/chi/key-functions/reserves-management/investment-management/portfolio-segregation/(檢索於2021年2月13日)

筆者認為金管局的資產組合偏向保守,雖然單就「支持組合」而言,其作用既然在於處理外匯問題,可說保守有理,但「投資組合」則不宜那麼保守。從負債方面來看,只有17000億港元是貨幣基礎,其餘包括財政儲備、政府基金及法定組織存款累計盈餘,以及重估儲備等等。依筆者看,外匯基金不宜包括非外匯成份,否則賬目不清,無助於發揮其功效。財政儲備與貨幣無關,不宜納入外匯基金之內,而應另設一個基金,仍可委託由金管局管理。

回顧外匯基金的長期表現

【圖2】是外匯基金1994至2019年的每年表現,其中可見過去10年來的平均投資回報較上一個10年為低,更準確一點說,以2008年為分界線,就會發現之前10年(即1998至2007年)的平均年回報率為7.38%,其後10年(即2009至2018年)的平均年回報率只有2.82%。

外匯基金近年相對較弱的表現,與2008年金融海嘯之後各國實行量寬政策而形成超低息環境有關,由於金管局外匯基金偏重於債券投資,債券收益率下降,導致外匯基金的整體投資表現亦下降。

【圖2】 1994–2019年外匯基金投資回報率(不包括策略性資產組合內的資產)

資料來源:https://www.hkma.gov.hk/media/chi/doc/key-information/press-release/2020/20200123c3a3.pdf(檢索於2021年2月13日)

慎思提高儲備收益的方案

香港財政預算一直奉行量入為出的政策,除了特殊情況之外(如過去一年受到新冠疫情的打擊),每年都有財政盈餘,因而累積了龐大的儲備。坊間對此的討論,大都集中在如何降低稅率,或者用各種方式派錢,鮮有論及如何把固有的財政儲備好好地增值。在金融海嘯發生之前(九七回歸之前尤甚),美國國庫債券的息率一直高企,只需買入這類國庫債券,就有不錯的進賬;但時移世易,如今仍依賴買入此等債券的做法,未免流於消極。

特區政府就像一個有穩定的職業,過去財政紀錄良好的投資者,在現時超低息環境中,只甘於將積蓄存入銀行作定期存款一樣。筆者認為財金官員應考慮到香港作為一大國際金融中心,現在正是時候集思廣益,計劃如何另設具規模而以增值為目標的主權財富基金。

 

趙耀華 港大經管學院副教授

(本文同時於二零二一年二月十七日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄。)

New career opportunities for Hong Kong youths under the dual circulation strategy10 Feb 2021
To rejuvenate the Hong Kong economy 202124 Feb 2021
Trending
Innovation Strategy Common Ground – from Poverty Alleviation to International Web3 Centre
Innovation Strategy Common Ground – from Poverty Alleviation to International Web3 Centre
Prof. Joseph CHAN
Hong Kong has long been successful in its four pillar industries, comprising trading and logistics, financial services, professional and producer services and tourism. According to the research by the HK government, they contributed close to 60% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and almost half of the total employment before COVID. However, all these four pillars have encountered the decline in their respective area – resulting from the rapid change in market need & user behavior, regional and global competition, the development in new value-chain and advanced technology, as well as geo-political environment. As a solution, ‘innovation’ has been introduced to address these pain-points of Hong Kong. The question to ask, how should we develop the innovation strategies – instead of coming up ideas for the sake of ‘innovation’? In this article, we will discuss how innovation strategy could be approached from the perspective of poverty alleviation to Web3 industry development – two topics sound not-related, but their common ground might give us the insight on how we could find the development path of Hong Kong.
14 May 2025
Faculty
Gambling with Tariffs: A Losing Proposition for All
Gambling with Tariffs: A Losing Proposition for All
Dr. Maurice K.S. TSE
關稅豪賭  只有輸家 國際貨幣基金組織在上月發表的《世界經濟展望》,將全球經濟增長預測從今年 1 月的 3.3% 顯著調低至 2.8%。報告指出,中國和印度將成為推動全球經濟增長的主要動力,預計未來5年貢獻比例分別為 23%和超過15%;而美國因其關稅政策的不確定性,對全球經濟的貢獻率遭下調至 11.3%。
7 May 2025
Faculty
Dr_Stepten_Chiu_web
About Author
Dr. Stephen Y CHIU

Honorary Associate Professor

Tags
Economy
Sovereign wealth fund
Sign up for upcoming news and events
LinkedIn WeChat Instagram Facebook Weibo Twitter YouTube

©2025, HKU Business School. All Rights Reserved. | Privacy Policy | Web Accessibility Statement