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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
Soft Landing: Neither Inflation nor Regulation will Produce Prosperity

Soft Landing: Neither Inflation nor Regulation will Produce Prosperity

9 Feb 2022
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剖析東滯西脹 慎防繁榮假象

自從新冠疫情肆虐全球以來,各國政府紛紛使出各種調控手段,試圖消除疫情對經濟的負面影響。時至今日,所幸沒有哪個國家經濟崩潰;踏入2022年,幾個大國更出現加快復甦的跡象。然而,全球經濟失調的後遺症還是逐漸顯現,美國去年12月的物價指數上升超過7%,達到1982年以來的新高,隨後英國也呈通脹之勢。根據上周公布的數據,歐羅區的物價指數在今年1月跨過5%的關口。

在西方國家經濟虛火上升的同時,東方國家卻憂心經濟停滯不前。不僅長期以來經濟疲弱的日本面臨通縮壓力加劇,連在經濟增長方面領跑多年的中國也減速降溫。這樣東滯西脹的趨勢能否在疫情之後迅速平伏,抑或會演化為虛假繁榮和經濟蕭條並存的局面?探討這個問題,對經濟高度依賴外部環境的香港尤為重要。

東滯西脹非偶然

毋庸置疑,當前疫情重創世界經濟。對主要經濟體來說,最明顯的打擊莫過於國際貿易減少和全球供應鏈中斷,以致需求萎縮、供給不足,經濟自然出現短期停擺。但東滯西脹的局面很大程度源於東西各國截然不同的應對措施。一個明顯的例子就是,針對疫情衝擊,美國快速採取了「大水漫灌」的財政手段和寬鬆的貨幣政策,中國則始終沿用謹慎保守的政策。當然,政策差別並不是孰是孰非的問題,而是中美兩國經濟社會迥然相異的結果。

通過擴大財政開支來拯救需求危機,可謂美國經濟政策的標準作業。其宏觀調控政策源於上世紀二三十年代的經濟大蕭條,全國經濟需求嚴重不足,墮入「流動性陷阱」而不能自拔。不少經濟學家歸咎於白宮政府行動過緩,聯邦儲備局(聯儲局)的貨幣政策又死板僵化。自此之後,但凡經濟出現需求危機訊號,美國政府馬上大規模擴大財政支出,2020年3月疫情乍起,就推出了兩萬億美元的財政救援方案。另一方面,美國在過去10年貧富懸殊問題不斷惡化,低收入階層在大流行造成的經濟風浪中毫無招架之力,即便是信奉自由經濟的保守主義者也對救援法案予以支持。最後,政治因素也不可忽略。美國兩黨之爭愈演愈烈,為了取悅選民,執政黨不惜大灑金錢。2021年,在諸多爭議中,拜登政府還是推出了遠高於需求缺口的救援計劃法案,總值1.9萬億美元。

美國經濟軟着陸言之尚早

如此豪氣的財政政策消解了疫情造成的需求危機,更有助美國經濟實現V形強勢反彈。諾貝爾經濟學獎得主、《紐約時報》專欄作家克魯明(Paul Krugman)對此非常樂觀,認為在強勁需求的驅動下,將會迎來長波增長;一些經濟學家則不以為然。在最近一次辯論中,鼎鼎有名的經濟學家薩默斯(Larry Summers)批評克魯明,強調美國政府這種過度放水的做法,短期引發通貨膨脹,長期加劇債務隱患,搞不好會出現一如1970年代的滯脹危機。

過去兩三個月,通貨膨脹在西方國家如期而至,金融市場因而出現動盪。部分經濟學者認為,這是大公司利用疫情造成的供應短缺來加強壟斷、操縱物價的結果,一待供應恢復,市場競爭增大,物價自會回落,政府應該出手控制大公司的市場勢力,大可不必在需求上做文章。這種觀點有點陰謀論的味道,也令向來忌憚政府干預的美國經濟界頗感不安。更多的經濟學者希冀聯儲局能果斷出手,在貨幣政策上抑制通脹。

聯儲局主席鮑威爾(Jerome Powell)在上周表示,有意在3月提高關鍵利率,也有信心在不損害經濟復甦的大前提下,調整貨幣政策。商界人士對鮑威爾的言論反應友好,但對整體經濟能否順利「軟着陸」仍心存疑慮。美國資深財經記者Christopher Leonard在其剛出版的The Lords of Easy Money: How the Federal Reserve Broke the American Economy一書中,嘲諷聯儲局官員對實體經濟知之甚少,卻又自視過高,調控經濟缺乏遠見,無甚作為。儘管此書被批評多有言過其實之處,但也反映出財經界乃至公眾對聯儲局不盡信任。

主流經濟學家當中,哈佛大學教授巴羅(Robert Barro)頻發警告,如果聯儲局猶豫不決,企業和市民對通貨膨脹的預期一旦固化,美國經濟要付出高昂代價,方能把通脹控制下來。筆者認為,經濟復甦與否,並非聯儲局的首要目標,因此出台政策不宜首鼠兩端,而應當旗幟鮮明地公開控制通脹的決心,否則等到經濟虛火過旺再來急煞車,可能造成「硬着陸」的危機。

阻礙美國經濟「軟着陸」的另一要素是勞動力市場的剛性。儘管最近幾個月美國失業率持續下降,但這是出現「勞工荒」後,企業不得不大漲工資來吸引僱員的結果。在需求減弱或者國際供應恢復後,恐怕失業率會隨即反彈,屆時政府又要被迫發錢,導致經濟陷入惡性循環。因此,未來幾個月勞動力市場如何演變,對判斷美國經濟大勢至關重要。

中國宏觀調控不宜照抄西方

西方經濟逐漸加熱之際,中國經濟反見降溫跡象。去年年底召開的中央經濟工作會議,一再強調當下經濟面臨三種壓力:需求收縮、供給衝擊,以及預期轉弱。其中的核心問題是在新冠疫情和國際環境變化下外需不足,加上各種偏緊的防控手段,導致內需疲軟。在這種情況下,產生呼籲中央政府借鑑美國做法的聲音,財政上發錢給老百姓,貨幣政策上放鬆銀根,雙管齊下以增強需求,撬動經濟發展。然而,中國國情跟美國相差甚遠,不可照抄作業。正如總理李克強在去年屢次強調,中國堅持不搞「大水漫灌」。

中國對「大水漫灌」式的宏觀調控並不陌生,過去幾十年曾屢次採用,但往往落得「一鬆則亂,一緊則死」的不良後果。這是因為財政約束太軟,地方政府對信貸干預權力強大,一旦水喉放開就不易關緊,加上央行缺乏足夠的獨立性,難以在貨幣供給上卡住通脹的源頭。當前的經濟狀況也不允許當局採取過度寬鬆的財政和貨幣政策。一是中央財政緊張,而多數地方政府更是債台高築,赤字頻仍。二是以房地產為首的多個行業信貸告急,給金融系統造成巨大衝擊,銀根鬆動雖能一時掩蓋眼下困境,卻加劇經濟泡沫的風險。

筆者認為,中國經濟當以溫和調控為主,逐漸為經濟活動拆牆鬆綁。近兩年來,各種政策法規相繼出台,整治以互聯網為主的多個行業,並懲處多家企業。政府反對壟斷加強規管本來無可厚非,但一旦被民間認定,這是在經濟上啟動罰款模式,投資者難免信心不足。再者,內地一些過左輿論令民營資本和私人企業老闆人心惶惶,憂慮國進民退,自己的身家化為烏有。

現在內地有一種聲音,希望能夠推動新一輪改革開放,進一步加大經濟市場化。依筆者之見,觀乎當下的社會經濟環境,實行大刀闊斧的經濟改革不太現實,但政府努力為經濟發展創造一個溫和穩定的環境,倒是應有之義。

 

吳延暉博士

港大經管學院副教授(經濟學、管理及商業策略)

(本文同時於二零二二年二月九日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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