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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column

Reflections on Anti-extradition Movement

17 Jul 2019
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對反修例運動的一些思考

最近香港已經到了三日一示威,五日一遊行的地步。筆者早知香港民怨甚深,卻不知深到這個程度。有人把香港人的示威反抗歸咎於通識教育,筆者認為這應該是很次要的考慮。如果“洗腦”真是這麼容易的話,教會學校的學生一定都變成了教徒,但事實上並非如此。

己之所欲 欲施於人

對於近期此起彼伏的遊行示威,筆者不禁聯想起自己在教授「博弈論」一門課時喜歡和同學討論的一個虛構的審判案例。假設某宗案件的審判結果只有三種:無罪釋放、終生監禁和死刑。有三位法官,他們對這宗案件各有各的看法,其中一位認為犯人根本沒有犯法,應該無罪釋放;但若在死刑與終生監禁之間,則寧選死刑,皆因這位法官熱愛自由,信奉“不自由,毋寧死”(give me freedom or give me death)的人生觀;筆者上課每次提到這點,同學就會哈哈大笑。

這個案例之所以耐人尋味,原因有二。第一,同一個犯人,同一類案件,同一批法官,在三種不同(均爲人類歷史上出現過)的裁決程序之下,竟然出現三種不同的結果,這不禁令人思索何謂公義。第二,在其中一種程序之下,上述那位法官起到關鍵作用,他雖然不能使那犯人無罪釋放,卻成功令他得到死刑,逃過終身監禁的厄運!這個法官基於對自由有崇高的理想,認為別人要接受自己的看法,變成好心做壞事。

聚焦目前香港社會,有示威者爲了迫使政府答應他們的要求,誓不罷休,把運動升級,延伸到各個社區。他們要別人接受這種長期對抗的生活,這是否與他們原先標榜自由的目標背道而馳?事實上警民衝突隨之而不斷加深,這對別人是否公道?

報酬遞減法則

經濟學上有一個重要定律,叫報酬遞減法則。完成一件事情最後20%所付出的代價,往往要較完成開頭80%為大。考試成績達到80分不是很難,但是從80分提升到95分就很難了。把一件產品做到合乎規格、耐用美觀不難,把它提升至一級水平卻很費勁。身為學生,是否值得花時間把成績從80分提升到95分呢?身為商人,是否值得盡力做到精益求精,令產品更上一層樓呢?對於這些問題,答案其實並非必然,因爲其中所需的額外努力,也許可以花在別的用途上,帶來較大的收益。

回到反修例運動上,擱置修訂《逃犯條例》是個很大的成就,要給它一個分數的話,那至少值80分。筆者已在本欄上一篇文章中表示,當務之急是恢復秩序,從長計議,而不值得再把行動升級,去迫使對方做出更多的讓步。這兩三周的發展,亦證實了更多的群衆運動事實上會帶來更多的衝突(現在示威者和警方不僅對6.12事件中對方的行為不滿意,還對7.1攻佔立法會大樓事件,以致之後屯門,上水,沙田的遊行示威中對方的行為感到不滿意),如此下去,社會進一步撕裂,到了難以修補的地步。

當初政府要強勢通過修例的時候,站出來反對是勇氣的表現,但是當政府已經讓步,還要打落水狗的話,就是不知進退,貪勝不知輸,這是兵家大忌,亦有違中庸之道。

以情害意的謬誤

有一種叫「以情害意」的思考謬誤。許多概念都帶有貶義,如偷竊、殺人、縱火,一些人做出此等行為,背後可能有其「正當」的理由,因此就把偷竊說成不是偷竊,殺人不是殺人等等, 這正正犯了以情害意的謬誤。

西方有個俠盜羅賓漢的故事,他同情弱小,救助窮人,那是俠義表現;他打劫富人,是盜的一方面。俠盜是不一樣的盜賊,但始終也是盜賊,我們不會因爲欣賞這個人而忽略他的盜竊行為。鄧小平也說過黑社會也有愛國的,但是愛國的黑社會仍然是黑社會,不會因為他們愛國就不是黑社會,不然的話,「黑社會也有愛國的」就是一個僞命題。

反修例運動中,經常出現的口號是「沒有暴民,只有暴政」。7月1日強闖立法會大樓,肆意破壞的示威者當然是暴民,怎能說不是呢?你可以說他們有崇高理想,或者是不得已才這樣做,但是這群使用暴力的市民,為達目的而罔顧法紀,這是千真萬確的事實,否定這一點,既强詞奪理,也有推卸責任的嫌疑。他們最後會不會被判有罪,這是法庭的決定,我們既然相信香港的司法制度,就交由法官裁決好了。

最優化決策中的約束條件

香港不是一個獨立的國家,而是中國的一部分,這次逃犯條例修訂事件證明香港現有體制已經完全破產,要改變這個體制,並不是香港人自己可以説了算,必須得到中央政府同意才行。然而內地是個專制的政權,人權法治觀念薄弱,習近平上台以後,情況更加變本加厲,要説服北京接受香港重啟政治改革,殊非容易。再者,中國的經濟實力如日方中,而監管社會的能力日益强大,這個趨勢在今後二十年保持,應可算意料中事。以為把行動升級,就可以迫使內地領導讓步是非常冒險的想法。要取得對方同意,香港人如非必要,不應加以冒犯,必須令對方相信香港人是克制的、成熟的,即使民主化之後也不會出亂子。之前的百萬人和平行動,充分反映了大部分市民的素質。可惜其後出現的升級行動,特別是7月1日攻佔立法會大樓肆意破壞,卻大大損害香港人和平理性的美好形象。筆者認為,香港現在需要的不是更多的衝突,而是更多的冷靜思考,和友善的對話。

趙耀華 香港大學經濟及工商管理學院副教授

(本文同時於二零一九年七月十七日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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