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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column

Rationalise Proportional Representation system to accurately reflects voters’ aspiration

25 Dec 2019
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理順比例代表制度 準確反映選民意願

上月24日舉行的區議會選舉民主派大獲全勝。全港18區區議會,原本全由建制派控制,選舉後17區改為民主派控制,只有離島區例外;原因是離島區有8名當然議員,他們不經區議會選舉產生,全是建制派。建制派大敗的原因是他們支持特首林鄭月娥對抗主流民意。區議會選舉當日有近3百萬名選民投票,民主派得票率接近6成,遠遠超越建制派的4成得票率。選舉結果清晰顯示主流民意不接受林鄭對「五大訴求」的回應。選舉過後,林鄭依然極不尊重主流民意,堅持繼續對抗,是卑劣政客行逕。

不足一年,立法會選舉將會在明年9月進行。與區議會不同,立法會只有一半議席(35席)由地區普選直接產生,其餘一半議席分為超級區議會(5席)和傳統功能界別(30席),傳統功能界別議席非由普選產生,議席多數由建制派掌控。另外,區議會選舉實行單議席單票制,而立法會地區選舉和超級區議會選舉採用比例代表制。比例代表制有多種,可大致歸納為三大類:最大餘額法,最高均數法和可轉移單票制。立法會地區選舉和超級區議會選舉以黑爾數額(Hare quota)計算議席,是一個最大餘額法。

黑爾最大餘額法由臨時立法會(臨立會)於1998年通過,取代前立法局地區選舉單議席單票制,目的是減少民主派在1998年舉行第一屆立法會地區選舉贏取議席數目。其實,當時臨立會秘書處已就各種比例代表制提供客觀分析,指出所有最大餘額法(包括黑爾最大餘額法)都可能引致「阿拉巴馬矛盾現象」(Alabama Paradox),即某選區議席總數增加1席,其中一個政黨反而有可能損失1席。臨立會秘書處的分析亦同時指出,最高均數法可避免這種弊病【註一】。最高均數法比最大餘額法優勝,臨立會卻偏偏選取黑爾最大餘額法,證明政治決定可以不顧道理。

我在《比例代表制的荒謬之處》一文【註二】指出,黑爾最大餘額法還有一個更嚴重的問題,就是它可能「違反民意」——— 隨着投票人數增加,某一政黨無論得票數目和其增長率皆高於另一政黨,但有可能前者的議席數目不增反減,而後者的議席數目不減反增。「違反民意」抵觸民主的基本精神,選舉制度「違反民意」是荒謬的。Balinski和Young的專著Fair Representation: Meeting the Ideal of One Man, One Vote對此問題(和其他相關問題)有深入分析。他們指出,所有最大餘額法均有可能「違反民意」(他們稱之為Population Paradox),而避免此問題的不二法門是轉用最高均數法。臨立會秘書處的分析沒有提到此嚴重問題,也沒有提及Fair Representation一書,功課做得不足,大家應引以為鑒(最好讀多一點書)。

此外,普遍分析是比較各種比例代表制對大政黨或小政黨較為有利。2012年立法會港島區選舉結果有參考價值。當年共有14個名單爭奪港島區7個立法會議席,7個勝出名單是(按得票數目排列):陳家洛(70,475票)、單仲偕(40,558票)、曾鈺成(36,517票)、鍾樹根(33,901票)、何秀蘭(31,523票)、葉劉淑儀(30,289票)、王國興(27,336票);而14個名單共得票330,766張。陳、單、曾、鍾、何、葉劉、王名單的黑爾數額分別為1.49、0.86、0.77、0.72、0.67、0.64、0.58。雖然陳名單得票是鍾(或何或葉劉或王)名單得票兩倍之上,但陳名單獲分派1個議席後,其黑爾餘額0.49少於王名單的0.58,不足以贏取第2個議席,排在陳名單第2名的陳淑莊最終落選。

以上例子一般用來說明黑爾最大餘額法對「大」黨(黑爾數額大於1 )不利。雖然「大」黨得票是「小」黨(黑爾數額少於1)得票兩倍之上,但「大」黨須以整數贏取第1個議席,剩下的餘額往往不敵「小」黨的黑爾數額,最後「大」黨和「小」黨獲得議席數目相同,不符合它們的得票比例。對香港政治有點認識的朋友應該對上述「大」、「小」黨分析不以為然,因為陳所屬的公民黨不是大黨(最多是中型政黨),而鍾所屬的民建聯才是香港的最大政黨;其實,民建聯在該區還有曾名單(曾是民建聯前主席)。曾、鍾兩名單合共得70,418票,接近陳名單得票(70,475票),但曾、鍾兩名單合共取得兩個議席,是陳名單的雙倍!

黑爾最大餘額法表面上對小黨有利,但大黨可以分拆名單,套取「小黨之利」,所以它對這種功利型大黨也是有利的。「老實」的大黨不分拆名單、不配票,便受到懲罰,獲取議席數目低於得票比例。當然,「老實」的政黨也會學乖,漸漸懂得分拆名單和配票。最後,各大黨把名單分拆,努力配票;這種「套利」行為很可能造成多議席單票制亂局,令到某政黨得票高,卻敗於配票能力或運氣。黑爾最大餘額法容易受到操縱,極不理想,有很大改進空間。

Balinski和Young指出,有一個比例代表制——— 抗特(d’Hondt)最高均數法———可以避免以上操縱問題。另外,作為一個最高均數法,抗特最高均數法「順應民意」和沒有「阿拉巴馬矛盾現象」,兩方面皆比黑爾最大餘額法優勝。現時,立法會一半以上的議席(地區選區和超級區議會選舉)採用黑爾最大餘額法,此法在20多年前由臨立會匆匆通過。上月區議會選舉投票人數和投票率皆為歷來最高,立法會選舉比區議會選舉更重要,準確反映選民意願十分重要,是時候「去黑(爾)迎抗(特)」。

 

【註一】:https://www.legco.gov.hk/yr97-98/chinese/sec/library/cin1_plc.pdf
【註二】:《比例代表制的荒謬之處》,程騰歡,明報,2019年12月9日

 

程騰歡 香港大學經濟及工商管理學院副教授
(本文同時於二零一九年十二月二十五日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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