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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
Price hikes and panic buying amid coronavirus outbreak

Price hikes and panic buying amid coronavirus outbreak

1 Apr 2020
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新冠疫情下的抬價與「盲搶潮」 

目前新型冠狀肺炎全球肆虐,之前部分防疫物資,例如外科手術口罩、防護衣等短缺。市民大眾囤積大米、廁紙等生活必需品,不同媒體(包括BBC)就曾報道,此等囤積行為愚蠢、不理性。部分商店亦趁機抬高相關物品價格,一盒50個口罩售價曾暴升至380元【註】。有人提議政府應盡快立法,限制防疫物資價格上漲,有人則持相反意見;筆者提出以下觀點:

首先,囤貨並不是非理性的行為。即使目前市場上供應充足,這是建基於大家不搶購的假設上。一旦別人去搶,而自己不搶的話,物資有可能會被搶光。為了保證自己有足夠的物資渡過難關,即使參與搶購也是理性的。經濟學的博弈論把這種情況視作協調博弈(coordination game),這個情況有兩種結局:一是沒人搶,根據市場上的供應,在別人不搶購的前提下,實在沒有搶的必要;而另一個則是,因為大家都認為別人會搶,所以每個人都搶。近年手機通訊軟件和社交媒體大行其道,市民或會輕信媒體上的流言訊息,加劇了搶購潮。

有效的價格管制

為限制囤貨,有建議透過法例,以限制購買物資數量。雖然一些國家和地區有防止搶購的規定,例如鄰近的澳門和台灣都限制公眾購買口罩的數量,市民購買口罩時必須登記身份,讓政府記錄購買的數量,然而並非所有政府都有能力執行。再者,在這個前所未有的危機當前,一罩難求,總會有人挖空心思去鑽法律空子,給執法機構帶來挑戰。

其次,可從坐地起價行為方面探討。從道德層面來講,趁機大幅漲價並不道德。某些國家或地區也實施相關法律,禁止在緊急狀態下抬價,例如根據加州《刑法典》第396條,抬價的定義是,當加州進入緊急狀態時,若物資價格上漲超過10%,即被視作抬價。某些經濟學家認為,法例只會限制價格作為訊號,讓市場喪失協調供需的能力:口罩價格上升反映的是口罩短缺,由價格上升帶來增加的利潤,則會吸引更多廠商生產口罩,從而填補供應短缺。反之,如果口罩價格不升,利潤不能增加,便不會有其他廠商進入市場生產口罩,增加供應量。也有經濟學家認為,如果禁止價格大幅變動,則會產生另一種「定價機制」──時間。有些人可能很需要口罩,卻沒有時間排隊購買,導致最終獲得口罩的,並不一定是最需要口罩的人,而是最多空閒時間的人。因此,若供應量沒有增加,限制價格上漲只是將口罩從一部分人手中轉移到另一部分人手中,沒有達到我們所希望「讓所有市民都獲得口罩」的目標。

以上說法不是沒有道理,但是不代表不存在有效的價格管制措施。零售商在口罩的供應鏈裏其實並沒有扮演一個很重要的角色,不是口罩供不應求的瓶頸。 零售商作為生產者和消費者的中間人,坐擁資訊優勢,他們在抬高物價的時候,並不一定能提高廠商的利潤,因此不會促使廠商增加產量。有效的方法是控制零售商對來貨價上的加成(markup),而不是控制零售價。在同一個需求之下,如果能控制零售商的加成(而非控制零售價),便可留下較大利潤空間給供應商和製造商,從而吸引更多的廠商生產口罩。

公共衞生考量

避免零售商坐地起價還有另一個理由。用經濟學的術語來說,戴口罩具有界外效應(externality)。佩戴口罩不單保護自己,也保護他人,一般人戴口罩可減低感染機會,潛在患者則可減少病毒經飛沫傳播的機會。市民大眾購買口罩時,大多是出於保護自己及家人,未必考慮到保護他人。很多人因為口罩昂貴和供應不足,長時間不換口罩,或者重用口罩,這都有違衞生防護中心對正確使用口罩的建議。透過監管零售商對來貨價的加成,從而控制口罩零售價上升幅度,有助鼓勵市民適時更換和不重用口罩。

另外,筆者贊成政府給予香港口罩廠商補貼。除了因為疫情期間原材料價格上漲,導致廠商利潤減少而減產,完全依賴市場機制促使生產商增加產量還有一個問題:口罩需求激增趨勢並不持久。一旦疫情結束,需求便會回落,到時候可能大批口罩廠會因此結業。因此,政府應為這些口罩廠商提供補貼,以緩和疫情後的衝擊。

最後,筆者亦想指出,對新型冠狀肺炎的防控,不同國家之間也有界外效應。就算一些國家能完全控制國內的疫情,只要別的國家的疫情未受控制,也可以因為輸入個案,引發第二輪爆發。因此,只有各國互相幫助、共同協調對新型冠狀肺炎的防控,才能解決這次世紀性的全球大流行。就算只有一個國家在生病,全球還沒痊癒。

註:〈有藥房賣380元一盒50個越南口罩 稱來貨貴感無奈〉,香港電台網站,2月20日

 

房育輝教授
香港大學經濟及工商管理學院教授(管理及商業策略、經濟學)

(本文同時於二零二零年四月一日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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