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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column

Overdoing can backfire

6 Nov 2019
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事與願違 過度有為

以前港英政府奉行「積極不干預」經濟政策,讓市民從高速增長中直接得益,生活水平得以大大提升。回歸15年後,前任特區行政長官梁振英(現為全國政協副主席)正式放棄「積極不干預」主義,把政府的角色轉為「適度有為」。何謂「適度有為」?他的首份施政報告有這樣的闡述:「我認為在市場可以發揮優勢的時候,政府不應干預,只要提供公平競爭的平台。但當市場失效、未能發揮功效,政府一定要有所作為。過去半年,政府以政策具體說明了對『有所作為』的拿捏。當住宅供不應求,政府提出及落實『港人港地』,減少非港人買入本港住宅,優先滿足港人置業需求;提出買家印花稅;以及用行政手段停收内地雙非孕婦來港產子,都是政府『適度有為』的例子⋯⋯」【註一】。

無為之治轉捩點
報告在2013年1月16日發表,由筆者在香港大學主講的「香港經濟體系」(Economic System of Hong Kong)在同年同月22日開課。當時我和學生討論的第一個課題便是「適度有為」。「適度有為」的道理顯淺易明,不需討論;正如梁振英所說,重點是政府能否拿捏得準。

我還記得同學即時的反應,就是把「港人港地」作為「適度有為」的例子不恰當,因為住宅供不應求的真正原因在於住宅土地供應不足;作為土地的唯一供應者,特區政府應該承認住宅供不應求是政府失效,而不是市場失效,諉過於市場是不對的。同一道理,「買家印花稅」亦不能跟「適度有為」混為一談。梁自以為拿捏得準,我們卻心裏明白,他只是自欺欺人;更令人擔憂的是政府或會一律把它的所作所為合理化成「有所作為」,最後淪為「過度有為」【註二】。

不幸言中,梁在提出買家印花稅之餘,也同時提高額外印花稅(俗稱「雙辣招」)。雖然雙辣招有反效果,房屋變得更難負擔,但梁振英罔顧事實,深信提高印花稅是「適度有為」,繼續「加辣」,先後在2013年2月和2016年11月兩次提高從價印花稅。信念歸信念,事實還事實。根據國際顧問公司Demographia編制的「中位數倍數」(Median Multiple;即樓價中位數除以家庭收入中位數),香港的中位數倍數由2013年14.9的水平升至2017年的19.4;即一個收入中位數家庭在2013年開始計劃買樓,假設把所有收入儲起,須14.9年後才可負擔一個樓價中位數住宅。縱使這個家庭真的有辦法儲起所有收入,經過4年後,由於中位數倍數已升至19.4的水平,這個家庭要把所有收入儲多15.4年,才足以負擔同一樣的單位,距離目標也就愈來愈遠!更殘酷的現實是,一個家庭根本不可能儲起所有收入,置業無望,注定一世做無殼蝸牛。

香港房屋本來已是全球最難負擔,經過特區政府3次「加辣」,中位數倍數不跌反升,更遠遠抛離第2位的悉尼和第3位的溫哥華;2017年,悉尼的中位數倍數是12.9,溫哥華則為12.6。樓價過高因為房屋供不應求,梁振英多次提高各種印花稅,以為減低房屋需求便是「適度有為」;可是他忽略印花稅的副作用:二手房屋供應大大下降,抵消印花稅的需求效應【註三】。梁只求「有所作為」,制定房屋政策粗疏,結果適得其反,絕對是「過度有為」。

積極有為後遺症
幸好梁振英放棄連任特首,現任特首林鄭月娥不需為上任特首的房屋政策合理化,提高印花稅再不是「適度有為」。前特首的「辣招」對林鄭能否「減辣」退市是一個考驗,但始終她能力有限,對「辣招」束手無策,無法帶領香港走出房屋困局。上屆政府的後遺症不止於「辣招」,更甚的是「適度有為」政策;林鄭眼高手低,為「適度有為」「加辣」,變成「積極有為」。

在「積極有為」旗幟下,林鄭更加盲目「有所作為」。香港房屋供不應求,她卻調低各類資助出售房屋(包括「綠置居」、「居屋」和「首置」)售價,刺激房屋需求,完全不合邏輯。林鄭把以上措施合理化為提高置業率之舉,但此時提高置業率無疑缺乏遠見,因為業主數目愈多,增加土地、房屋供應的阻力愈大。政府已經表明大幅增加土地、房屋供應是長遠目標,且充滿變數;林鄭的措施反令達標難上加難,將未竟之功留給未來特首。

除了在房屋供不應求時刺激需求,林鄭還把《長遠房屋策略》下,未來10年公私營房屋新供應由六四之比調整至七三之比,即減少私營房屋供應。在樓價遠超可負擔水平時減少私營房屋供應其實完全違反供求定律,但她總能自圓其說,將此舉合理化為回應過長公屋輪候時間之策。此一觀點未免流於表面化,因為公屋輪候時間增長在於樓價愈來愈難負擔,以致更多人轉向公營房屋市場;增加私營房屋供應,令樓價回復至可負擔水平,方為長遠治本之法。

梁振英政府「適度有為」,屢施「辣招」;林鄭政府變本加厲,「積極有為」,制定完全違反供求定律、不合邏輯惡策。香港樓價過高、房屋供不應求本來已是深層次問題,兩位特首皆為求「有所作為」,胡亂下藥,導致房屋問題變成整個社會問題。林鄭過度有為,反而令問題一如雪球愈滾愈大。當局今後若能放下但求「有所作為」之心,回歸客觀、理性,問題才有望解決。

【註一】:2013年《施政報告》第20段
【註二】:《「適度有為」還是「過度有為」?》,程騰歡,信報,2013年2月5日
【註三】:《樓市用錯藥 降溫需換藥》,程騰歡,明報,2016年12月21日

程騰歡 香港大學經濟及工商管理學院副教授
(本文同時於二零一九年十一月六日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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