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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
MIRROR, tell me how much is a ticket worth?

MIRROR, tell me how much is a ticket worth?

29 Jun 2022
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MIRROR告訴我 一張門票值多少

男子組合MIRROR的演唱會即將開始,全城早已掀起搶票潮,粉絲卻苦於一票難求。即使另加兩場特別場,採用實名制售票,依然無法阻止黃牛黨瘋狂炒票。公開發售的門票瞬間售罄,有本地傳媒報道,二手市場上的黃牛票竟被炒到40多萬元,粉絲們自然叫苦連天。

事實上黃牛黨炒票不僅僅發生在演唱會,因應新冠疫情回穩,康文署上月重開康體設施時,也出現了「炒場」的情況。針對炒賣行為,該署職員通過抽查方式,以核實租用者為場地使用人。

物以罕為貴

一票難求,說明供不應求。經濟學裏,供應和需求就如同蹺蹺板的兩邊,而調節平衡的就是價格。比如奢侈品牌的限量手袋,當想買的人多於店內的貨量,手袋就會漲價,直到價格高到人們望「袋」興嘆的時候,需求和供應就平衡了。

雖然價格的調節功能強,卻不是放之四海而皆準的,演唱會門票就屬特殊商品之列。與奢侈手袋不同,演唱會是一種體驗,其價值是由台上的表演者和台下的觀眾共同決定的。如果只聽音色,Apple Music也許更勝一籌;如果只為看明星,電視熒幕無疑清楚得多。演唱會的真正魅力,來自台上台下彼此互動,每場的高潮部分往往是全場大合唱。所以無論是歌星或觀眾,都不希望看到場面冷冷清清。如果任由市場價格飆升,縱使供求平衡了,卻變成曲高和寡,拒粉絲於千里之外。

更重要的是,明星之所以成為明星,是因為有眾多粉絲的喜愛。這種死心塌地的支持給歌星帶來演唱會收入之餘,還包括廣告代言、音樂銷售、商場活動等進賬。如果演唱會的高票價傷了粉絲的心,粉絲也會棄之而去,歌星也將光環不再。要是歌手和主辦單位為了短期的演唱會收益,犧牲了長期的財源,豈不是檢了芝麻丟了西瓜,因小失大?

加場不加價的成功特例

因此,雖然價格可以有效率地平衡供需,但不能簡單直接地套在演唱會的門票銷售上。黃牛市場的炒票現象,不僅浪費了粉絲熬夜輪候的時間,對消費者不利,也損害了歌星和主辦單位的長期利益,釀成「三輸」局面。事實上,苦於黃牛炒風的不單是香港的粉絲,放眼全球,只要有巨星演出,就不免有黃牛炒票。

如何解決這個「國際性」問題呢?解鈴還須繫鈴人。要使失衡的蹺蹺板恢復平衡,可走的路無非兩條。一、增加供應,比如MIRROR增加演唱會的場次。而採用這個辦法的表表者,就是美國鄉謠歌手Garth Brook。他在2014至2017年的巡迴演唱會(覆蓋79個城市,一共390場演出),門票因定價低至70美元而供不應求;為了保證粉絲買到票,只要售出總票數80%,就會立刻多加場次。

粉絲身份如何辨真假

他曾說:「我害怕沒有觀眾,也害怕全場爆滿。」上述為順應需求而增加供應的做法,被戲稱為「Garth模式」,他本人也藉此創下美國歷史上最暢銷的單人演唱會紀錄【註1】。當然,不是每個歌手都有精力和時間效法,因為除了表演,還有創作、宣傳、廣告代言、公益等眾多活動,實在難以面面俱到。

既然蹺蹺板裏供應一方難以解決問題,那麼另一邊的需求方又如何?如何保證粉絲的需求得到滿足,其實是一個怎樣識別誰是粉絲誰是黃牛的問題。兩者之間,一個追星,一個逐利,不僅買票的目的不同,平日的行為也大相逕庭。

粉絲會在各種社交媒體上關注歌星,購買專輯和有關商品,在各種網站上追蹤偶像的動態;黃牛則很少有這樣的行為。若能以此判斷購票人是否真粉絲,就可以有效防止門票落入黃牛手中,而這恰恰是美國最大演唱會門票銷售平台Ticketmaster所採用的粉絲查證(Verified Fan)系統。

2017年,Ticketmaster為了打擊二手門票市場,開發並採用這個系統。消費者在選定演唱會之後,需要註冊個人資料,以便系統通過一定的演算法,來判斷購票者有多大可能是真正粉絲。一旦被認定是粉絲,買到票的機率就會大大增加。雖然Ticketmaster並沒有披露粉絲查證系統的具體演算法,但就宣稱95%經此系統售出的門票,沒有流出二手市場【註2】。

許多歐美歌手都紛紛採用這個系統,包括Taylor Swift、Ed Sheeran等等。在粉絲查證系統啟用之前,Taylor Swift 2015年舉行世界巡演,售出門票中有30%出現在二手市場;至2018年,她的世界巡演運用了這個系統,最終只有5%的門票流出二手市場。雖然Ticketmaster的這套演算法並非完美,也不能保證每個粉絲都能買到票,但的確在一定程度上打擊了黃牛黨炒票。

魔高一尺 道高一丈

除此之外,演唱會主辦單位經常採用其他方法來打擊黃牛黨。比如Jay Z和Taylor Swift都借用航空公司以浮動定價賣機票的方式,根據購票者的買票時間,愈接近演唱會的舉行時間,票價就愈低【註3】。這種浮動定價的策略讓提早用機器搶票的黃牛黨無利可圖,大大提升歌手和主辦單位的收益。

在疫情期間不斷發展的線上直播音樂會,也給歌手提供了一個增加演出的途徑。雖然這類音樂會不可媲美現場打成一片的互動,但可以在不過度增加藝人時間和工作量的情況下,擴充供應,緩解眾多粉絲一票難求的煩惱。

再者,正因為線上音樂會不能完全取代實體音樂會,這種增加的供應不會過多地降低粉絲對實體演唱會的需求。

對於備受熱捧的歌星和忠實粉絲來說,不失為一種雙贏的權宜之計。隨着虛擬實境技術日新月異,線上音樂會也會讓屏幕另一邊的粉絲感受到更多的真實和互動。

解決一票難求的棘手問題,既有賴平衡供求的蹺蹺板原理,又繫於科學的創新和技術的進步。相信在不久的將來,MIRROR粉絲們離偶像的距離可逐漸拉近。一票雖難求,擁戴價更高。

 

【註1】:Alan B. Krueger, Rockonomics: What the Music Industry Can Teach Us About Economics (and Our Future) (London: John Murray Press, 2019), Chapter 6.

【註2】:https://www.theverge.com/ 2018/2/7/16923616/

【註3】:https://access.intix.org/Full-Article/the-highest-grossing-us-tour-of-all-time-used-slow-ticketing

范亭亭博士
港大經管學院高級講師(市場學)

周文博士
港大經管學院副教授(管理及商業策略)

(本文同時於二零二二年六月二十九日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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