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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
Marking Boat to Find the Sword? Rethinking the U.S. Interest Rate Policy

Marking Boat to Find the Sword? Rethinking the U.S. Interest Rate Policy

22 Mar 2023
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刻舟求劍?美國利率政策的反思

3月10日,作為美國在創科領域最重要的銀行,矽谷銀行在48小時內突然宣布破產,無疑是近年來震撼全球的金融事件。雖然因為美國聯邦再保險公司快速介入和美國政府托底,避免了危機向其他金融機構和實體經濟大規模蔓延,但已反映出聯邦儲備局(聯儲局)自2022年以來多輪加息對金融和經濟帶來的巨大衝擊。

事實上,聯儲局主席鮑威爾在3月7日國會聽證會上透露,將持續加息對抗通脹,無疑成為矽谷銀行爆雷的導火線。

無獨有偶,隨後第一共和銀行的股價在5天內暴跌超過70%,Signature Bank和Silvergate Bank宣布停業,都與聯儲局去年至今極為嚴厲的緊縮政策密切相關。其後,瑞士金融巨頭瑞士信貸集團也爆出危機,市場難免擔憂美國銀行業的危機甚至有向歐洲蔓延的趨勢。

舊瓶新酒無濟於事

聯儲局這一年來接二連三的加息措施,源於美國經濟從2021年以來面臨的持續高通脹。2020年初新冠疫情爆發,全球經濟面臨重創。為了穩定經濟、刺激發展,聯儲局於同年3月連續兩次大幅下調基準利率,使得利率區間接近零。然而,隨着疫情逐步趨穩,高通脹轉而成為美國經濟的主旋律。2022年,美國消費者價格指數同比漲幅最高達到9.1%,創下近40年內歷史新高。

在高通脹的壓力下,聯儲局於2022年年初開始連續8次上調基準利率。截至2023年2月,利率區間從接近零飆升至4.5%與4.75%之間。在一連串加息猛藥的作用下,通貨膨脹的增速雖然有所緩和,但整體水平仍然居高不下。截至2022年12月,美國消費者價格指數同比增加6.5%,仍然顯著高於聯儲局設定的2%長期通脹目標。本月中矽谷銀行等事件相繼出現,更突顯出暴力加息在應對此輪通脹方面已力不從心。

令人顧慮的是,在加息政策還未實現穩定市場的時候,其副作用已經悄然襲來。減息促增長,加息控通脹,這一傳統貨幣政策向來廣被世界各國採用,為何這次在美國卻看似不靈了?

產業鏈重構成本升 加息難奏效

筆者認為,箇中關鍵在於此次通脹的成因和以前有着本質的不同。除了能源價格暴漲這一誘因,此次通脹深受全球產業鏈重構的影響。中美貿易戰、俄烏戰爭,以及逆全球化導致產業鏈布局不再僅僅基於經濟成本,反而偏重於地緣政治等非經濟因素。這導致發達國家的進口產品生產成本提高,採購價格自然提高,相應推高通貨膨脹。由於很多生活用品是剛需產品,抑制需求的緊縮政策難以解決供應鏈調整帶來的成本問題,因此很難奏效。

首先,地緣政治因素以及新冠疫情的影響,加速了全球產業鏈重構,提高了生產成本。這在眾多產業報告中都有闡述。一方面部分發達國家呼籲製造業回流;另一方面,全球產業鏈的分布正從講究效率轉為重視政治安全,經濟效率不再是產業鏈布局、貿易和投資的唯一驅動力。

體現在進口上,從2018年中美貿易戰爆發至2020年新冠疫情爆發前夕,美國整體進口水平呈現下降趨勢,且進口來源國出現顯著轉移。World Integrated Trade Solution的資料顯示,從2018年1月至2020年1月,美國從中國進口總值下降18.83%,同期從越南、柬埔寨的進口總值則急升,升幅分別為62.28%和73.6%,其中機械和電子設備的增幅尤為顯著。此外,美國從上屆總統特朗普開始推展的本地生產計劃,由於美國人力成本較高,其生產成本必然大增;加上進口來源國的轉移,為美國價格飆升埋下伏筆。

第二,產業鏈調整和進口來源地的改變,提高了進口商品價格。根據美國勞工統計局資料,疫情肆虐以來,美國從中國進口的整體價格指數僅上漲5.8%,在全球範圍內屬低水平,但從東南亞國家聯盟進口的商品價格指數則上漲了7.2%。美國這一棄廉就貴的進口來源轉變,無疑推高了產品價格。

最後,在經歷2022年開始的8次加息之後,美國的能源價格上升趨勢得到顯著控制,從最高點的月增41.6%(2022年6月)下降到月增5.2%(2023年2月)。然而,食品、電力等必需品價格的升勢雖然得以緩和,但跌勢緩慢。電力價格月同比增長率由最高的15.8%(2022年8月)下降到12.9%(2023年2月)。同期食品價格月同比增幅由最高的11.4%微降至9.5%。上述8次加息對能源以外的必需品價格影響較小,主要原因有兩點:一方面,供應鏈轉移帶來的生產成本上升,自然推高價格;另一方面,這些必需品需求彈性較小,因此加息無法大幅降低對這些必需品的需求。

須從治本入手

筆者認為,美國自2021年開始的高通貨膨脹有別於從前,主要在於逆全球化及全球產業鏈因地緣政治的轉移推高了生產成本。全球化布局昔日以經濟因素為主要考量的供應鏈體系,向更多考慮地緣政治等非經濟因素的全新供應鏈體系轉化,過程中難免導致價格上升,低需求彈性的必需品尤其如此。這也能解釋為何此輪通脹如此迅猛,逼得聯儲局連番加息,但效果卻不如預期。

總體來看,聯儲局2022年以來重拳加息以遏抑通脹的政策,稍有刻舟求劍之嫌。不僅無法解決全球供應鏈轉移所引發的成本增加問題,反而可能製造諸如矽谷銀行之類的危機。

當局應頭痛醫頭,且須對症下藥,正本清源,從生產成本着手,設法解決因為全球產業鏈轉移帶來的成本上升問題,致力於在新的產業鏈降低成本,或尋求構建更具經濟效益的產業鏈體系。

 

李晶博士
港大經管學院工商管理學學士(國際商業及環球管理)課程副總監

(本文同時於二零二三年三月二十二日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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