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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
Is China Stumbling in a Deflation Trap?

Is China Stumbling in a Deflation Trap?

16 Aug 2023
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中國經濟通縮隱患成真?

去年2月,筆者在本專欄撰文,剖析新冠肺炎疫情之後出現的東滯西脹現象【註】。一年半之後的今天,西脹回落,東滯猶在。本月9日,中國經濟運行的統計數據公布,7月份消費價格指數比去年同期下降0.3%,出現了自2021年2月以來的首次按年負增長;不僅如此,生產價格指數的按年跌幅為4.4%,延續6月的下降趨勢。

隨後幾天,西方的各大財經媒體紛紛大字標題報道,宣稱中國經濟進入通縮時代,一些評論文章甚至斷言中國經濟增長引擎熄火,落入中等收入陷阱。內地不少媒體和財經人士則反駁,認為國內經濟正在走向重品質、兼顧公平的新路,增長空間仍然巨大,西方言論不過是危言聳聽。如何判斷中國經濟今後的走向?對與之息息相關的香港來說,這是一個不得不面對的問題。

通縮乍現:意料之外 情理之中

在筆者看來,中國經濟7月份出現價格指數不升反跌的現象,雖有些意料之外,但也屬情理之中。今年第二季度,筆者多次北上出差,每到一處,不免感嘆物價的低廉。在內地社交媒體上,「消費降級」成為熱門話題,大家不再比誰買的東西高檔豪氣,而是比誰淘的貨品物美價廉。在市場上走紅的產品,往往是那些人民幣百元以下的衣服和10元左右的日常用品。就算是汽車家電之類的耐用消費品,打折蔚然成風,卻不見買家趨之若鶩,難怪最近來訪的內地朋友屢屢抱怨香港物價太高。

國內物價持久低迷,許多人將其歸咎於疫情抑制需求的後遺症。去年底到今年初,防疫清零政策逐步解除之後,一種普遍的看法是內需會出現報復性反彈,一舉扭轉疫情期間的頹勢。本年第一季度的經濟統計數據為這種看法提供了支持,然而好景不長,第二季度未能保持增長的勢頭。然而內地一些權威專家認為,第二季度的低落僅是需求沒有完全恢復,企業調整尚未到位,宏觀調控的效果有所滯後,決然否認整體經濟出現通縮的說法。因此,當7月份的數據一出來,特別是原先看好的外貿呈現出口按年下降14.5%的大缺口,不免讓人出乎意料。

這種物價低廉、消費動力不足的情況,其實早在疫情之前就已冒現。一種說法是經濟周期的正常起伏;另一種說法是中國經濟高速增長這麼多年後,不可避免地緩下來。這兩種說法無疑過於籠統,而且都有避重就輕之嫌。觀乎過去3年中國經濟的運作情況,筆者相信造成目前若隱若現的通縮有三大原因。其一,中國長期的金融負擔,特別是地方債務和房地產問題,制約了貨幣財政政策調控的空間。其二,國內經濟資源配置不甚合理,政策不確定性強,大企業缺乏信心,中小企業缺乏機會。其三,整個國際環境不利外向型經濟的發展,「世界工廠」的模式面臨被瓦解的風險。

通縮後果:短期微害 長期大礙

如果中國經濟真的出現通縮,到底會有什麼可怕後果?要是你去內地二三線城市,向略有資產、收入穩定的中老年人提出這個問題,他們會告訴你,通縮挺好的,物美價廉,生活無憂。對同一問題,香港的商家則會向你抱怨,內地訪客太慳錢;靠內地市場發跡的企業則會吐槽生意不好做。國際股票市場的投資者也會四處驚呼大市委靡不振。最感焦慮的估計是剛畢業的大學生,一定會痛陳求職如何艱難。

在經濟周期中出現輕度通縮並不可怕,可怕的是通縮成為慢性病,進而轉為長期經濟蕭條,也就是所謂的「日本經濟病」。對亞洲經濟素有「偏見」的諾貝爾經濟學獎得主克魯明(Paul Krugman),在2016年就指出當時的中國經濟與1989年的日本經濟非常相似,敲響中國經濟可能步日本經濟後塵的警鐘。近日,他甚至更加悲觀地認為,一旦經濟走向通縮,中國社會將面臨比日本更為棘手的問題,不僅僅是經濟蕭條而已。

筆者不完全認同克魯明的觀點,因為中國的經濟模式與日本迥然相異。但他也並非危言聳聽,通縮的威脅實在不可忽視。短期而言,國內經濟面臨兩大嚴峻風險:一是房地產爆雷,二是年輕人失業。隨着通縮到來,這兩個問題更將雪上加霜。長期而言,通縮造成的經濟蕭條可能讓中國提前進入低增長軌道。日本是在人均GDP達到相當高水平才出現低增長,所以經濟蕭條沒有引發社會動盪。中國大多數人口仍然達不到中產的生活水準,一旦墮入低增長的軌道,就很難跨越「中等收入陷阱」(middle income trap)。

走出通縮:說難不難 說易不易

時下有一種觀點認為中國經濟難以走出通縮的陰影,原因有二。一是消費者和投資者對未來缺乏信心,這種悲觀預期強化了消費、投資的低迷,掉進「流動性陷阱」(liquidity trap)。二是中國出口和外國直接投資雙雙急轉直下,這兩股強大力量本來足以快速拉動國內經濟,卻因地緣政治而大為弱化。

按筆者分析,中國經濟就算出現通縮,要走出來並不難。日本經濟的一大棘手問題是宏觀政策調控失效,長期困於「流動性陷阱」之中。這與日本經濟過度集中在少數地區、少數企業有一定關係。中國經濟在地域分布上,東南西北各有多個中心經濟圈,每個圈內的各座城市也呈現多元發展。若論企業分布,內地擁有大量扎根本土的中等企業,遍及四方,百舸爭流。這樣的經濟布局下,只要中央政府大膽啟動新一輪經濟擴張,經濟就會很快恢復到正常水平。在這一個過程中,關鍵在於政府必須盡可能減少對企業的干預,讓市場充分發揮作用。

恢復中國經濟的難點,在於如何在走出通縮的同時,亦確保經濟質量。比如說,提振整體經濟的一個快捷方法就是重新回到房地產掛帥的老路上。但是這樣一來,地方政府債務、房地產泡沫等問題卻又掩蓋起來,長此以往,勢將增大金融危機的風險。

宏觀政策:總量控制 結構調整

中國經濟一旦面臨經濟困難,素來有兩大流派提出不同的解決方案。宏觀調控派主張從調控經濟總量入手,大水漫灌毫不手軟,以快刀斬亂麻之法加以解決。結構調整派則主張借實際困難倒逼經濟改革,通過調整結構來推動經濟逐步走出困境。眼下似乎這兩派處於膠着狀態。

一方面,宏觀調控派提出的方案可能掩蓋甚至加劇經濟發展的積弊;另一方面,結構調整派的主張卻是遠水救不了近火,而且經濟改革也受到諸多掣肘。雙方互相牽制的結果就是,過去幾年國內既沒有什麼重大經濟改革舉措,經濟調控也不慍不火。

如果中國總體經濟進一步下滑,宏觀調控派的解決方案很大可能會佔據上風。這種救經濟做法無可厚非,需要警惕的是資源的扭曲配置問題。筆者建議必須盡快啟動經濟,同時避免加劇長期風險,在新一輪的經濟擴張中,資源應該向外向經濟、民營經濟以及中型企業傾斜。與此同時,北京政府應該努力營造穩定的環境,讓企業家有機會,投資者有信心,年輕人有希望。

 

【註】〈剖析東滯西脹 慎防繁榮假象〉,吳延暉,《信報》,2022年2月9日

 

吳延暉博士
港大經管學院經濟學、管理及商業策略副教授

(本文同時於二零二三年八月十六日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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