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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
International Implementation and Prospect of Sustainable Public Procurement

International Implementation and Prospect of Sustainable Public Procurement

1 Aug 2024
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國際可持續公共採購的實踐與展望

 

在2002年8月的可持續發展世界首腦會議上,可持續公共採購(Sustainable Public Procurement)概念首度被提出。此後,這一概念逐漸成為可持續生產和消費領域的關注焦點,並被納入公共採購制度的嶄新政策方向和推動全球可持續發展的重要實踐範疇。聯合國環境規劃署和聯合國經濟與社會事務部更將之視為馬拉喀什全球氣候行動夥伴關係(Marrakech Partnership for Global Climate Action)的關鍵一環。

何謂可持續公共採購?這是一種將環境、社會和經濟效益互相結合的採購策略,旨在通過政府採購活動促進可持續發展。傳統的公共採購主要集中在成本、品質和滿足需求,而可持續公共採購在此基礎之上,更強調環境、社會和經濟效益的平衡,使公營部門可以有效支援可持續發展目標,推動環境保護、社會福利和經濟增長。

在亞洲,日本於1992年率先推出《環保採購法例》,規定所有政府部門必須每年提交相關基本方針、預算和事項。每個採購決策都應建立在明確的數據標準上,以便提供客觀指標,可見日本對可持續採購非常嚴謹和重視。

市民的認同和支持,足令推行環保政策事半功倍。日本政府每年進行公眾諮詢,以便適當調整採購項目。例如當局曾經採購超過4萬個滅火筒,其中99.1%符合官方標準:滅火筒的液體至少40%符合再造物料成份的標準,經過完善的收集和處理流程,同時使用再造塑膠。採購完成後,政府會持續監管,透過追蹤每年符合標準的滅火筒數量,以檢討成效。通過這場大規模的環保公共採購,符合當局要求的滅火筒在本國市場佔比從2006年的46%上升至2013年的67.3%。

歐盟同樣是較早期就施行可持續公共採購,在2001至2010年期間,先後頒布了各項法例來完善制度,並給予成員國足夠靈活性,以致大部分成員國在2012年已經制定了相關條例和國家計劃。過半數成員國已落實可持續採購,當中德國、荷蘭和芬蘭表現最為積極。歐盟亦會以相關條例規範成員國實踐可持續採購。

在採購過程中,歐盟十分重視產品生命周期理念和分析方式,鼓勵廠家公開有關資訊。計算產品生命周期成本,有助於政府在兼顧環境和經濟效益的同時,避免只着眼於價格,而忽視生態效益顯著但初始成本較高的綠色產品或服務。

許多歐盟成員國政府部門都能成功運用產品或服務生命周期成本的概念。以德國漢堡為例,該市的環境部門決定以一個節能燈泡取代兩個普通燈泡的比例,替換所有燈泡。這一措施每年可減少45吉瓦時電力消耗,相當於減少2700噸二氧化碳排放。若每千瓦時電費節省5歐分,這個替換方案就可為漢堡節省22.5萬歐羅的電費開支。

可持續公共採購不僅帶來可量化的實際改變,也能對各個產業鏈產生潛移默化的影響。例如,希臘政府與7個地方政府聯合採購再生紙,再生紙的採購成本因而下降:每包500張紙的售價由2.9歐羅下降至2.34歐羅,減幅約為20%,進而帶動綠色市場的發展。因此,供應商不僅減少了有關開支,同時也提升了產品品質。從源頭推廣綠色產品,足以改變消費趨勢。減少廢物排放,自然也有利於社會環境和生態保護。

 

內地與香港的實踐經驗

 

中國政府近年致力於加大綠色低碳產品採購力度,並從建築業着手,提升全民的環保意識。鑑於目前全國建築全過程碳排放超過50億噸,佔碳排放總量一半,而材料的碳排放量尤甚。有見於此,財政部、住房和城鄉建設部、工業和信息化部於2022推出《關於擴大政府採購支持綠色建材促進建築品質提升政策實施範圍的通知》,在包括北京等48個市轄區實施政府採購政策,支持使用綠色建材,以促進建築品質。綠色建材具有節能、減排、安全、便利和可循環再用的優點,足以大幅減低建築時的自然能源消耗及其對生態環境的影響。各城市可先由部分項目開始施行,累計一定經驗後逐步擴大範圍,目標於2025年落實全國政府採購工程項目政策。

香港亦以促進環境保護和可持續發展為目標,積極推廣綠色採購,鼓勵在工務工程項目上使用可循環再造及環保材料。基於綠色材料成本可能高於傳統材料,政府要求各部門評估,並且替企業承擔因使用綠色材料而導致的額外成本,通過經濟誘因鼓勵企業予以採用。

在監管方面,特區政府訂定在工務工程項目中使用綠色材料的政策和指導原則,為採購流程提供了清晰的框架,並設跨部門工作小組,負責監督綠色規格的採用、審查常用產品和服務的採購,以及推廣綠色材料在工務工程項目中的使用。除此之外,當局採用了試用、早期實施階段和全面實施優先使用的3階段流程,確保新回收和其他綠色材料在技術上和在市場上的可行度。這一系列舉措不僅有利於減少廢物產生,還能推動企業採取更環保的生產和營運方式,從而提升其環境、社會及管治的表現。

企業作為政府可持續採購的供應商和合作夥伴,扮演着至關重要的角色。放眼未來,可持續公共採購可以使企業不斷推動綠色產品和服務的創新,以滿足政府部門在採購過程中對環保、節能、社會責任等方面的要求。這將惠及企業的競爭力,並為實現可持續發展目標作出貢獻。

為了滿足可持續採購的要求,企業將更加關注綠色供應鏈管理,確保其產品和服務在整個生命周期中盡量減少對環境和社會的影響。這包括對原材料、生產過程、運輸、銷售和回收等環節的全面考慮,以降低資源消耗和污染排放。隨着可持續公共採購理念的普及和政策推廣,企業將有機會拓展新的市場領域,包括綠色建築、節能交通和可再生能源等,既為企業帶來蓬勃商機,亦促進社會可持續發展,締造雙贏局面。

 

章逸飛博士
港大經管學院經濟學高級講師

江梓茵女士
港大經管學院本科生

葉梓淇女士
港大經管學院本科生

 

(本文同時於二零二四年八月一日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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