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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column

Incentivizing Release of Under-occupied Flats of Elderly Households by Accommodating Needs of Seniors

20 Feb 2019
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鼓勵長者寬敞戶調遷 須兼顧長者需要

特首在2018年施政報告中,提及要更有效運用公營房屋資源,建議「由房委會推出一項嶄新的優惠措施,容許所有家庭成員均年滿70歲的長者寬敞戶,在調遷至較小的新或經翻新的單位後,可享終身全免租金。」目的就是要釋放較大的公屋單位,讓輪候冊上合適申請者及早得到編配。

特首大概意識到公屋短缺問題根源在於編配,而政府和房屋委員會對於寬敞戶問題一直未有正視。若能對症下藥,公屋短缺就會迎刃而解。(參看本欄2月13日筆者《解決公屋短缺   從寬敞戶入手》一文。)

特首上述優惠措施,對解決公屋編配覆蓋面未免太小,力度略嫌不足。話雖如此,這對理順有關問題已可算走出積極的一步。見措施宣布翌日各大報章報道,現時全部家庭成員均年滿70歲,主要為1至2人住戶,而居於面積30平方米或以上公屋單位者為數高達1.6萬。按2018年9月底約有150200宗一般公屋申請,如果長者寬敞戶能悉數由大遷小,就能讓大概百分之十的一般公屋申請者中要求大單位者得到編配。

效果不彰緣由

不過,特首提出的措施須作調整,否則願意調遷的長者應該不多,皆因誘因不足,並忽略長者的需要。

首先,措施原意在於鼓勵公屋寬敞戶調遷到較小單位,為什麼只針對長者寬敞戶呢?調遷的誘因可分推、拉兩種;對寬敞戶收取額外租金是推力,對自願調遷的寬敞戶提供津貼是拉力。

畢竟公共房屋資源十分珍貴,並須以巨額公帑補貼,額外補貼寬敞戶無疑於理不合。政府鼓勵調遷應用推力,亦即對額外居住面積徵收累進租金,才算對標準面積單位的住戶相對公平,並還納稅人一個公道。可惜推力往往受到為數眾多的寬敞戶反對,特首集中使用拉力,即是提供津貼,是可以理解的。

為寬敞戶提供優厚津貼,固然會引起輿論譁然。同樣的津貼,若給予70歲以上的長者寬敞戶,就可透過關愛長者名義,較易得到社會接受和認同。所以特首提出的優惠措施,實際上也是以關愛長者為旗號。

可惜在措施提出之後,接受傳媒訪問的部分長者寬敞戶,似乎大都不願意調遷。究竟背後原因何在?

記得房委會於 2013 年檢討寬敞戶政策時,就再次通過將成員在70 歲或以上的住戶從寬敞戶名單中剔除,而無需強制調遷,可見對長者寬敞戶額外寬容。事實上長者除了健康問題,亦較難適應新環境,調遷之後不易建立新的社交圈子。況且這些長者難免健康轉差,而有遷出公屋、搬入老人院舍的一天。若只免繳交公屋租金作為調遷津貼,誘因未免太小。

多管齊下妙法

要措施收效,政府必須認真考慮長者寬敞戶的需要。第一就是提高津貼的可攜性;第二最好是原區安置;第三要兼顧部分長者希望搬入老人院舍的需要。

首先,可攜性方面,既然重點在於騰出大單位讓輪候冊上的較大家庭入住,何必只限調遷到較小的公屋單位才可終身免租呢?希望直接搬入老人院舍的長者又如何?不如給長者一項固定現金津貼,可用來繳納較小公屋的租金,或作為搬到老人院舍的部分費用;甚至遷出公屋單位跟子女同住,以至定居廣東省、福建省養老的也應可獲津貼。換言之,但凡願意遷離大單位的長者寬敞戶,均可獲取一份年金,金額可直接與原居公屋單位超標的程度掛鉤;但最佳辦法是按超標的額外居住面積(Y),加上一個固定額外津貼變數(S),計算累進津貼如下:

0<Y≤7.5, 津貼=Y×S
7.5<Y≤15, 津貼=7.5×S+(Y-7.5)×(2S)
15<Y≤22.5, 津貼=7.5×S+7.5×(2S)+(Y-15)×(3S)
如此類推。

假設S為標準租金,一個長者寬敞戶超標的額外居住面積是15平方米(例如兩人住在四人單位,或單人住在三人單位),以每月標準租金每平方米80元計,搬到標準單位的住戶每月可獲津貼為1800 元(【註】)。單人住戶可獨得這筆津貼;如果是雙人住戶,則由兩人均分。S當然可以因應措施成效而調整。

依級別累進提供津貼,超標面積愈多,就愈具誘因申請調遷到較小的單位,因而更有效縮減輪候冊上較大家庭的輪候時間。

原區安置方面,由於公屋住戶往往要跨區調遷,離開老街坊,因此在適應新環境之餘,還須重新建立人際網絡,對長者構成重大壓力。實際上,傳媒報導的幾個長者寬敞戶,就主要因為這一點而不願調遷。故此,原區安置實在有其必要。

至於入住老人院舍之需要,筆者建議可將公共屋邨的最低幾層,甚或至邨內空置停車場改建成長者宿舍,讓有自理能力的長者入住,並參考伸手助人協會的營運經驗。該會現時營運三所老人之家,提供宿位予只需略加協助就能自理的長者。每個單位供二至四名院友共住,除了廚、廁、浴室等設備齊全,為院友提供被鋪、睡床、衣櫃及私人空間之外,並設休憩室、活動室、洗衣房、運動室等,以及各項相關服務。部分老人之家設有夫婦房,以便互相照應;其中的互助社區安排尤為吸引,這對鼓勵長者調遷應可發揮較大作用。鑑於該會的老人之家均以租用房委會轄下整層公屋方式營運,可行性應不成疑問。

在原區設置長者宿舍,可照顧到大部分長者寬敞戶原區調遷的期望。此外,政府也應考慮在公共屋邨(尤其是舊屋邨)多建護理服務各有不同的院舍,為長者住戶提供多元選擇;缺乏自理能力的,則可獲安排入住安老院、護理安老院,甚至護養院。若能同時加強社區照顧服務配套,就更有望減輕公共醫療系統的負擔。

通過適當調整,做到真正關顧長者的需要,措施才有望奏效。

正當香港人口急劇老化,老人安居問題不容忽視。筆者建議政府把公共房屋編配和老人服務一併考慮,在解決公屋短缺問題的同時,讓長者頤養天年,一舉兩得。

註:7.5×80+(15-7.5)×160
王家富 香港大學經濟及工商管理學院首席講師

(本文同時於二零一九年二月二十日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)​

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