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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
How to nurture a truthworthy generation

How to nurture a truthworthy generation

21 Jul 2021
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如何栽培可信的下一代

很久以前,一位同事曾向我講述這個故事:有一次,他見到一對父子在自動提款機提取款項。當年這種提款機尚未流行,當那個爸爸正要提款時,兒子(大概是小學生的年紀)鬼鬼祟祟,東張西望,然後低聲對爸爸說:「沒有人,快點取錢,愈多愈好!」原來他以為爸爸在偷錢,所以叫他趕緊按鍵!不知道什麼原因,過了這麼多年,這個故事仍然縈繞腦際。

這個小朋友犯了兩個錯誤。第一,他沒有注意到筆者同事就在附近,誤以為四周沒有人。第二,也是更重要的,就是小孩心存貪念,一時昧着良心想和爸爸一同犯罪。

穿透行為表象

事情背後或有幾個可能性。第一,不過是誤會一場,小朋友鬼鬼祟祟,其實是怕別人搶他們的錢,而不是想去偷錢。

第二,兒子的確認為爸爸正在偷錢。但是爸爸一向不貪小便宜,只是平素並無向兒子灌輸道德教育;又或者父子倆在日常生活中確有貪小便宜,卻無損良知,不至於在公共場所幹起犯法的勾當,也不會鼓勵別人犯罪。

第三,兒子認定爸爸在偷錢,爸爸在日常生活中一貫自私自利,甚至公然犯法。當然,他爸爸總有一套自圓其說的方法。

先討論第二種情況。筆者認為家長和學校都應加強倫理道德教育。為什麼守法、誠實等美德(且以「良知」來概括之)如此重要?筆者在這裏不欲多加解釋,正如數學和科學都建基於證明、邏輯和事實,然而公理(axiom)是不證自明的陳述,是科學的原始概念,就如幾何學中,點是不佔任何空間的。可以說,良知就是公理。孟子一次回應梁惠王道:「王何必曰利?亦有仁義而已矣!」中國古代的知識分子強調慎獨,即獨自一人之際,仍須確保自己的言行合乎規矩。

言教不如身教

有些人會解釋良知不僅為社會帶來好處,亦會為個人帶來好處。筆者認為不應過分提倡,否則等於承認計較利害就是遵從良知的考慮,良知變相可以代價而沽!

筆者認為,除了言教,即傳授正確的道德倫理教育之外,更要強調身教,以免流於空談,毫無說服力。況且人與人之間難免互相影響,在特定環境常見的行為,無論多麼奇特,一旦鬆懈警覺,久而久之,就會視為常規。所以家長或長輩平日吃肥丟瘦,甚或處事有違良知,其身不正,就難望下一代不會學壞。

前些時候,《澳門導報》【註】刊載前總理溫家寶為去世不久的母親寫的追思文,文章回顧了溫母的一生,特別指出她一直教導下一代養成真誠、樸實和善良的人生態度,正好與本文的題旨互相呼應。

至於上述事件的第三個可能性,即小朋友的家人平時不僅貪小便宜,甚至公然犯法,又為自己的惡行開脫。這種表現包含兩個元素。第一,就是把人分化為「自己人」和「外人」,認為自己人與別不同,又把外人妖魔化。第二,特別講求服從。

利字當頭 敵我難分

家人自然是自己人,其他人都是外人。公義和美德只適用於自己人之間,對外人則一概不適用,而且不惜把外人妖魔化,藉此合理化一己的所作所為。以偷竊提款機存款為例,這類人就會藉口說這些存款都是資產階級剝削勞動人民所得,錢多到數不清,從中提取一些也不算偷。又或者說,自己辛勞多年,卻遭社會虧待,所以取回些錢也屬理所當然,諸如此類。

這裏面最大的問題,在於自己人與外人的界線是可以浮動的。小孩子在這種環境中長大,慣於犧牲外人利益而嘗到甜頭,很難相信長大後會真誠對待自己人。為求自利,恐怕會想出種種藉口。即使親如父母也可以被視為外人,為私利而犧牲其利益。

為保障自己人的安全,家長往往會要求別人服從自己。當然,並非只有這類家長才有這類要求。要求小孩子服從,就是訓練他們抗拒「即時如願」(instant gratification)的能力。這種能力固然不是聽聽書就能明白的道理,若要加以掌握,就像肌肉需要通過運動鍛煉一樣,坐着不動,斷不會發達。

中國傳統的家庭教育着重教子女照指令行事,甚至是盲目附和。但過分強調服從,難免會打擊小孩子的創作力和求知慾。在現代社會的知識型經濟下,科學和技術日新月異,正正需要從事有關研究者勇於懷疑,甚至否定,更須不斷嘗試、革新、創造,只講服從就會扼殺這種精神。

對家長來說,這也會產生一個很大的思想誤區,迷信服從等於忠誠,而把不服從等同於背叛。話說從前有一位國王,膝下有三個公主。大公主和二公主對他言聽計從,教育她們完全沒有難度;但三公主則總跟他抬槓,你說東,她就說西,使得國王非常生氣。最後,國王與三公主斷絕父女關係,更將財產都分給大公主和二公主,但國王這時才發現她們其實一直假意奉承,反而三公主才真正對他好。這是莎士比亞《李爾王》的故事,寓意深刻,發人深省。

筆者在本欄的最近兩篇文章都以「信」為題,在〈如何取得別人的信任〉(7月7日)中探討取信於人之道。歸根究柢,要令別人相信自己的不二法門,就是把自己變成值得相信的人。

沒有誰比遵從良知的人更值得別人信任。無論個人或一家人,若言而無信,辦起事來只會是事倍功半,可見教育如何重要。

此前,6月23日〈教我如何相信他〉一文則論及如何判斷別人是否可信,這就需要自己有尊重事實和科學的態度,同時要有足夠的懷疑精神,而懷疑精神更是那些慣於服從的人多所缺乏的。

懷疑精神當然不僅僅是對別人的懷疑,還包括對自己的懷疑,自己所掌握的資料是否正確,自己是不是受先入之見所左右等等。

 

【註】:〈我的母親〉,溫家寶,《澳門導報》,2021年3月25日,2021年4月1日,2021年4月9日,2021年4月15日

 

趙耀華 港大經管學院副教授

(本文同時於二零二一年七月二十一日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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