logo
  • Global Presence
  • About Us
        • About us about us
        • A Premier Business School in Asia with Global Influence
        • Overview
          • Message from the Dean
          • Vision & Mission
          • Milestones
          • Partnerships & Global Network
          • Beta Gamma Sigma HKU Chapter
          • Rankings & Accreditations
          • Corporate Collaboration
        • Leadership
          • Faculty Management
          • International Advisory Council
        • Our Stories
        • Contact Us
        • Staff Portal
        • Campuses
  • Programmes
        • Programmes programmes
        • Diversified Learning Experience Empowers our Students
        • Undergraduate
        • Masters
          • MAA
          • MAcct
          • MCGRM
          • MEcon
          • MFWM
          • MFin
          • MFFinTech
          • MGM
          • MSAF
          • MSc(BA)
          • MScMktg
          • MWM
        • MBAs & EMBAs
          • MBA
          • IMBA
          • HKU EMBA
        • PhD
        • Executive Education
        • DBA
  • People
        • People people
        • International Faculty Body that Offers Quality Education
        • Faculty
        • Post-Doctoral Fellows
        • Demonstrators/ Teaching Assistants
        • Research Postgraduate Students
        • Administration
  • Research
        • Research research
        • Lead the Frontier of Knowledge Creation
        • Thought Leadership
          • Latest Research Publications
          • HKEJ Column
          • FT Chinese Column
          • In the Media
        • Academic Areas
        • Faculty Members
        • Research Grants
        • Seminars & Conferences
          • Edward K Y Chen Distinguished Lecture Series
        • Research Centres & Institutes
        • Hong Kong Macroeconomics Forecast
        • HKU Knowledge Exchange
        • HKU Scholars Hub
        • Shenzhen Research Institutes
  • Events
  • Media
        • Media media
        • Inspire the Society and Community with Rigorous Insights
        • School News
        • In the Media
        • Press Release
  • Career
        • Career career
        • Fostering Strategic Partnerships and Talent Development
        • Recruit our Talents
        • Student Career Development
        • Career Opportunities
          • Faculty Recruitments
          • HKU Career Site
  • 繁
  • 简
Type To Search
logo
Type To Search
  • Global Presence
  • About Us
        • About us about us
        • A Premier Business School in Asia with Global Influence
        • Overview
          • Message from the Dean
          • Vision & Mission
          • Milestones
          • Partnerships & Global Network
          • Beta Gamma Sigma HKU Chapter
          • Rankings & Accreditations
          • Corporate Collaboration
        • Leadership
          • Faculty Management
          • International Advisory Council
        • Our Stories
        • Contact Us
        • Staff Portal
        • Campuses
  • Programmes
        • Programmes programmes
        • Diversified Learning Experience Empowers our Students
        • Undergraduate
        • Masters
          • MAA
          • MAcct
          • MCGRM
          • MEcon
          • MFWM
          • MFin
          • MFFinTech
          • MGM
          • MSAF
          • MSc(BA)
          • MScMktg
          • MWM
        • MBAs & EMBAs
          • MBA
          • IMBA
          • HKU EMBA
        • PhD
        • Executive Education
        • DBA
  • People
        • People people
        • International Faculty Body that Offers Quality Education
        • Faculty
        • Post-Doctoral Fellows
        • Demonstrators/ Teaching Assistants
        • Research Postgraduate Students
        • Administration
  • Research
        • Research research
        • Lead the Frontier of Knowledge Creation
        • Thought Leadership
          • Latest Research Publications
          • HKEJ Column
          • FT Chinese Column
          • In the Media
        • Academic Areas
        • Faculty Members
        • Research Grants
        • Seminars & Conferences
          • Edward K Y Chen Distinguished Lecture Series
        • Research Centres & Institutes
        • Hong Kong Macroeconomics Forecast
        • HKU Knowledge Exchange
        • HKU Scholars Hub
        • Shenzhen Research Institutes
  • Events
  • Media
        • Media media
        • Inspire the Society and Community with Rigorous Insights
        • School News
        • In the Media
        • Press Release
  • Career
        • Career career
        • Fostering Strategic Partnerships and Talent Development
        • Recruit our Talents
        • Student Career Development
        • Career Opportunities
          • Faculty Recruitments
          • HKU Career Site
港大經管學院
  • Global Presence
  • About Us
    • Overview
      • Message from the Dean
      • Vision & Mission
      • Milestones
      • Partnerships & Global Network
      • Beta Gamma Sigma HKU Chapter
      • Rankings & Accreditations
      • Corporate Collaboration
    • Leadership
      • Faculty Management
      • International Advisory Council
    • Our Stories
    • Contact Us
    • Staff Portal
    • Campuses
  • Programmes
    • Undergraduate
    • Masters
      • MAA
      • MAcct
      • MCGRM
      • MEcon
      • MFWM
      • MFin
      • MFFinTech
      • MGM
      • MSAF
      • MSc(BA)
      • MScMktg
      • MWM
    • MBAs & EMBAs
      • MBA
      • IMBA
      • HKU EMBA
    • DBA
    • PhD
    • Executive Education
  • People
    • Faculty
    • Post-Doctoral Fellows
    • Demonstrators/ Teaching Assistants
    • Research Postgraduate Students
    • Administration
  • Research
    • Thought Leadership
      • Latest Research Publications
      • HKEJ Column
      • FT Chinese Column
      • In the Media
    • Academic Areas
    • Faculty Members
    • Research Grants
    • Seminars & Conferences
      • Edward K Y Chen Distinguished Lecture Series
    • Research Centres & Institutes
    • Hong Kong Macroeconomics Forecast
    • HKU Knowledge Exchange
    • HKU Scholars Hub
    • Shenzhen Research Institutes
  • Events
  • Media
    • School News
    • In the Media
    • Press Release
  • Career
    • Recruit our Talents
    • Student Career Development
    • Career Opportunities
      • Faculty Recruitments
      • HKU Career Site

HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
How to gain people’s trust

How to gain people’s trust

7 Jul 2021
Share on TwitterShare on FacebookShare on WhatsappShare on LinkedInShare on Email

如何取得別人的信任

現代社會日趨進步,高度分工,互相依存。僱員需要得到僱主的信任、政府需要得到人民的信任、一家公司需要其客戶的信任,否則就會事倍功半。當然,信任往往是雙向的:僱主也須得到僱員的信任;一家公司要取信於另一家公司,也希望後者值得信任,餘此類推。

至於如何取得別人的信任,經濟學的相關研究主要在以下兩大範疇。

調整承諾內容或改變獎勵機制

舉個虛構的例子:媽媽對在讀幼兒園的兒子說,如果十點前不上床睡覺,就會打死他;但即使兒子不聽話,十點後還未睡,媽媽也斷不會這樣做,因為這樣做不符合她的利益,所以聰明的兒子不難猜透,媽媽的威脅不過是虛張聲勢。

不過,要是遲睡的懲罰改為明天禁吃糖果那就可信得多。因為從媽媽的角度出發,糖果反正不是健康食品,少吃既有益身體,又可省錢,何樂而不為?對於這樣的懲罰,兒子自然會認真看待,乖乖早睡早起。

比較這兩個情景可以得出以下結論:要贏取別人的信任,所作的承諾必須比較實事求是,執行起來也應符合承諾者的利益。

又如另一個例子:在一場戰役中,瀕臨潰敗的一方說要同歸於盡的豪言壯語,可能可信,也可能不可信。若果處於上風的一方給對方留一條後路,不趕盡殺絕,那麼對方就沒有同歸於盡的必要。相反,一旦斷了後路,那麼拚死一戰,也許尚有一線生機,戰敗者說這樣的話也就可信得多。

窮途末路,改變了遵守諾言的誘因,對這些誘因的設計經濟學稱之為「激勵機制」(incentive mechanism)問題。

在上述例子中,有沒有退路由敵方決定,但是,有時處於下風一方的將領,會選擇自斷後路,從而激起士兵拚死一戰的決心。這就是秦朝末年項羽「破釜沉舟」的故事。

在《水滸傳》中,誰要成為「梁山好漢」,就必先是朝廷欽犯。不然的話,得先要犯一件如殺人放火的大案,交出投名狀,方有被接受的機會。只有這樣,這個人的投誠才算可信。因為他留在民間會受法律制裁,走上梁山才符合他的利益。

這一點智慧在古代的帝王術中也有些根據。據說漢初的蕭何為官太過清廉,因而受漢高祖劉邦所忌。及後蕭何聽從建議,故意侵犯民產,得以釋除劉邦的懷疑。朝廷為什麼要用貪官?因為貪官有痛腳,所以會對上級和朝廷言聽計從,貼貼服服地為朝廷服務,從而保證了這些官員和朝廷的利益高度一致。朝廷也會偶爾抽出一兩個大貪官予以打擊,給民眾消消氣 【註1】。

建立良好聲譽需時

另外,人與人之間可通過時間來建立互信。比方說兩名同學要完成一項習作,從雙方的整體利益出發,他們都悉力以赴是最理想的。

然而,如果這是一次性的合作,就很難要求兩人都悉力以赴。因此,雙方事先所作要悉力以赴的諾言,就變得不可信【表】。

 

【表】 兩名同學合作完成報告所面對的囚徒困境

*方格內的數字(左起)是甲、乙同學的「盈利」

 

這個問題,傳統經濟學稱之為「正面界外效應」(Positive externality),用博弈論去分析,就是「囚徒困境」(Prisoner’s Dilemma);從本質上來說,也是一個公共財產的悲劇(Tragedy of the Commons)。

但是,如果雙方進行長期合作的話,彼此同樣戮力以赴,就有可能達致均衡的結果。在任何一段期間偷懶,縱然會帶來眼下的好處,卻會引致對方長期的懲罰(對方也會選擇偷懶),那麼偷懶就變成無利可圖。若雙方都懂得這樣思考,每次攜手悉力以赴,就會產生均衡結果。

在非對稱的環境裏,上述思考仍然有一定的參考價值。不少人到外地旅遊購物,曾經受騙。作為個別旅客,我們與這些商戶並沒有長久的關係,所以當地不知名的商戶就有加以欺騙的誘因。相反,一些國際知名的連鎖店,在旅遊勝地的店舖,會顧及自身的聲譽和持續發展,對一次性的消費者亦予以保障,這就是品牌的價值。

以上討論的各點,所以能夠言出必行,並非源於高尚情操,而是關乎適當的獎勵機制。下文則圍繞言出必行這一美德的可能性,以及這個可能性所帶來的啟示。

對美德的嚮往

試想有一間連鎖店在不同地方都有分店,所在地各有一些潛在的競爭者。連鎖店固然不喜歡這些競爭者進入市場,分薄利益。要是競爭者加入,連鎖店可以採取合作的態度,接受事實,共享市場;或進行削價行動,結果兩敗俱傷。

對於理性的連鎖店而言,前者較符合其利益,因此儘管在潛在競爭者尚未採取行動時,連鎖店會發出對新進場者的警告,但這些警告其實不會執行,也就並不可信。

假設在局外人眼中,這家連鎖店有可能並不理性(僅關乎公司會否言出必行這一點,並非指公司負責人精神錯亂),譬如老闆性格與別不同,或者基於某些不為人知的原因,這家連鎖店肯定會執行削價競爭的策略。

那麼,真正理性的連鎖店,就會模仿這間非理性的連鎖店,通過打擊新進場者,建立起自身言出必行的聲譽。因此,美德雖不常見,其存在的可能性卻足以鼓舞其他人效法,從而帶來某種社會秩序和可預見性。

怎樣才能取信於人?本文提出了以下四點。第一,提出實際可行的諾言,這樣比較靠譜。第二,言必信,行必果,透過改變有關獎勵機制,使履行諾言變得符合承諾者的利益。第三,長期合作有助於消除短期的不利行為。

第四也是最後一點,在長期的交往中,通過效法言出必行者的行為,可以建立擁有這項美德的聲譽。只要承諾者的行為符合那些美德,就沒有必要拘泥於其行為到底是本性如此,抑或純屬模仿所致。也許,這個模仿者在模仿過程中真的培養了言出必行者的美德,就像一個男生為了討好女朋友,而開始自己素來討厭的長跑運動,久而久之,也許就出現改變,對長跑由厭生愛。

 

【註1】:〈三千年腐敗,不過是一紙投名狀〉,《天天要聞》,2019 年 7 月 17 日

 

趙耀華 港大經管學院副教授

(本文同時於二零二一年七月七日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

A Review of Development in Mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau9 Jan 2019
Trending
Gambling with Tariffs: A Losing Proposition for All
Gambling with Tariffs: A Losing Proposition for All
Dr. Maurice K.S. TSE
關稅豪賭  只有輸家 國際貨幣基金組織在上月發表的《世界經濟展望》,將全球經濟增長預測從今年 1 月的 3.3% 顯著調低至 2.8%。報告指出,中國和印度將成為推動全球經濟增長的主要動力,預計未來5年貢獻比例分別為 23%和超過15%;而美國因其關稅政策的不確定性,對全球經濟的貢獻率遭下調至 11.3%。
7 May 2025
Faculty
Analyzing the performance of RCEP since its inception
Analyzing the performance of RCEP since its inception
Prof. Heiwai TANG
After seven years of negotiations, the world's largest free trade agreement—the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP)—officially took effect on January 1, 2022. Member countries account for nearly 30% of the world's population and over one-third of global GDP. Amid the ongoing fragmentation of the global economy, RCEP is viewed with high expectations. This agreement brings together diverse countries in the Asia-Pacific region with varying scales and systems, showcasing the potential and resilience of regional inclusive cooperation. Three years into its implementation, what impact has RCEP had on the trade landscape of the Asia-Pacific region? How will it reshape the trading models among member countries?
30 Apr 2025
Faculty
Dr_Stepten_Chiu_web
About Author
Dr. Stephen Y CHIU

Honorary Associate Professor

Tags
Build Trust
Sign up for upcoming news and events
LinkedIn WeChat Instagram Facebook Weibo Twitter YouTube

©2025, HKU Business School. All Rights Reserved. | Privacy Policy | Web Accessibility Statement