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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
How do Chinese companies overcome challenges for global expansion

How do Chinese companies overcome challenges for global expansion

12 Aug 2020
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如何應對中國企業在一球兩制下的困惑 

近日最矚目的國際新聞,莫過於特朗普總統頒布行政命令,限制美國國民和企業在45天後停止與TikTok和騰訊微信的交易。此前國務卿蓬佩奧已提出了對中國的「清潔網絡」行動。

TikTok讓用戶分享短視頻,其母公司為北京字節跳動科技有限公司,在內地經營抖音和今日頭條。TikTok是抖音的國際版,在美國市場就有一億名用戶。騰訊更是無人不知,作為全球最大的電子遊戲經營商,它的微信集合了臉書的分享和WhatsApp的通訊功能,還可以進行電子支付。由於國內限制使用外國公司開發的社交媒體和通訊工具,在美華人一旦停止使用微信,他們跟國內的家人朋友通訊和生活分享,就會大受阻礙。

網上世界百花齊放

中國有全球最大型、最蓬勃的社交媒體市場,各式各樣的平台都有。舉例說,藍城兄弟公司旗下的Blued於7月初在美國納斯特上市。它是內地LGBTQ同志社群的一個社交平台,創立於2012年,在全球擁有4900萬個註冊用戶,每月活躍用戶數達600萬,其中49%在海外市場。根據英國專營企業顧問兼資產管理業務的公司LGBT Capital的估計,2009年年底,中國內地總人口中,同志數量達7470萬人【註】,蘊含龐大商機,市場潛力非同小可。中國容許這類社交平台存在,實在功德無量。

筆者對bilibili(簡稱B站)亦頗感興趣,它是一家以中國Z世代(1990至2000年期間出生)的年輕人為對象的次文化社交平台,提供內容包括動畫、漫畫、遊戲和小說等等,2018年在美國上市。除了主動製作和購入的內容,平台容許會員成為up主,在網站中上傳影片、音信和其他資源,賺取收入,類似YouTube上的YouTuber。2020年4月「老番茄」成為首位擁有超過一千萬名粉絲的up主。

想成為B站正式會員,須在一定時間內完成100條選擇題問答,到目前為止,測試過關的正式會員數達到8200萬,第12個月留存率超過80%。B站正在努力「出圈」,即在保留Z世代為核心用戶的同時,不斷擴大服務對象;但公司業務仍在虧損之中,若出圈未能收到預期效果,更有兩面不討好之虞。

以開放回應壓制

中國的社交媒體多姿多采,固然可喜可賀,但正當要衝出中國內地,走向全世界之際,卻遇到美國橫加阻撓。

特朗普總統以侵犯美國用戶隱私,危害該國國家安全為由,提出取締TikTok和微信。筆者認為,即使有關公司侵犯隱私的理由得以成立,亦不一定須在短期內賣給美國公司,以免割價求售,既對TikTok的創辦人和股東不公,更可視為對外國投資的侵權行為;倒不如讓有關公司交代如何改善情況,然後再作打算。有報道指TikTok打算為此對美國政府興訟,筆者相信這不失為可行之法,亦是企業在文明社會中解決糾紛的正當手段。

筆者覺得,北京政府可以在兩方面應對。第一,就是開放內地市場,讓外國的社交媒體如臉書、WhatsApp、谷歌等進入。否則美國取締微信和TikTok之舉,將被視為對中國現行政策的反制,也就無可厚非。要是中國開放社交媒體市場,美國卻仍對微信和TikTok設限,那麼道理自然在中方。

無獨有偶,攜程旅行網聯合創辦人梁建章,最近就在一篇在社交媒體中瘋傳的文章中,表達了類似的觀點。這篇題為〈以「開放」對「封閉」可以助贏中美外交戰〉說到:

「試想一下如果中國開放谷歌、臉書、LINE等網站,反倒是美國封鎖了微信,或者TikTok,結論就是中國創造出比美國更開放的媒體環境。這對美國一向標榜的自由、開放和法治的國際形象會形成極大打擊……將為中國在國際形象戰中扭轉局勢,打壓中國的所謂正義性也將蕩然無存。」

利用契機改弦易轍

另一項措施,就是改變國際社會對中國政府缺乏法治觀念,人權保護不足的印象。事實上不得不承認,相對於在過去40年來的驚人經濟發展,中國同期在促進人權與保障法治方面的進展卻遠遠落後,實須急起直追。

近期國內的社交媒體廣泛報道了張玉環的冤案,事緣1993年10月24日,江西省南昌市有兩名小童死亡,當地警方懷疑當時26歲男子張玉環為兇手,1995年初審即判處死刑,緩期執行;張不服上訴,2001年再審,判詞指證據確鑿,沒有疑點,維持原判。然而身在獄中的他仍不放棄,幾乎每周寫一封請願信,前後發出了一千封。最近法院終於重審,8月4日宣判張玉環無罪,當庭釋放。

他在出獄後透露,有一次偵查人員帶了兩隻狼狗,要他簽署認罪書。張不服,竟出現了一場用活人餵狗的酷刑逼供。雖然事過境遷,但談起這番經歷,張玉環依然猶有餘悸,更憤憤不平。

假使沒有堅如鋼鐵的意志,假使身體早已支撐不住,假使欠缺家人的信任和長期支持,這宗26年的冤案就沒有今天水落石出的一日。到底全中國有多少個張玉環呢?又有多少嚴刑逼供的冤案並未獲得平反呢?此事實在值得大家深思。

冤假錯案全世界都有。處理張玉環案件的偵查人員有可能真的相信張是殺人犯,因此用了非常手段對付他。然而,一個國家的執法人員和官員自以為只要目的正確,就可以做事毫無底線,不擇手段,豈不令人極度擔憂?此亦是中國難獲國際社會信任的一個原因。相反,若官員和執法人員能克己守法,尊重人權,自會贏得國際社會的認同。中國政府實在應該在這方面加倍努力。

現在愈來愈多的中國企業要衝出中國,走向世界,卻因為中國自身市場封閉和對人權尊重不足而受到歧視。在「一個地球,兩種制度」之下,這些企業難免要在放慢或停止國際市場發展,分拆國際業務,甚至是離開中國之間做困難的選擇。筆者相信,若中國政府能在以上兩方面努力,則將來一旦再次發生美國壓制微信和TikTok的類似事件,問題亦會簡單得多。中國不能決定外國怎樣相待它,卻可以視逆境為時機,自我提升。

註: “Estimated LGBT Purchasing Power: LGBT–GDP data as of year-end 2019”, LGBT Capital, 2020

 

趙耀華 港大經管學院副教授

(本文同時於二零二零年八月十二日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄。)

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