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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
How can I trust him?

How can I trust him?

23 Jun 2021
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教我如何相信他

從事經濟學、社會科學,以及所有的科學研究,都應該以事實為基礎,無論是從實驗室取得的數據,抑或從現實中觀察所得的數據,都要務求全面準確,如果這些數據資料是粗疏片面,甚或虛假,得出來的結論就毫不可靠,即所謂「進的是垃圾,出的是垃圾」(garbage in, garbage out)。

對資訊抱懷疑精神6點考慮

力求精準不僅是研究人員所要面對的問題,普通人亦如是。假設一個自稱來自海外的神秘商人拉攏你合夥營商,他是否可信?某民選政客提出一個宏大的政策建議,這是否符合選民的利益?醫生建議你做一個昂貴的檢查,這是否有必要?大學研究院招生,收到給某個入學申請人的推薦信,當中含有多少水份?

筆者開列六方面供讀者考慮。

有懷疑,核實之

首先要培養懷疑精神。對於你所取得的資訊,收到的業務合作建議等,要是覺得對自己有用,就應認真進行核實,又或者委託可靠的第三方代勞。不要輕信陌生人;對於來自熟悉渠道的資訊,雖然可信度應較高,但仍需帶點懷疑。

一隻鵝每天伸長頸項,張開嘴巴,愛護牠的主人都會餵牠吃東西,直至要把鵝屠宰為止。來自以為可靠來源的資訊,其實可能是最危險的。回顧1915年的中國,各界人士紛紛煽動大總統袁世凱恢復帝制,他兒子袁克定為了慫恿父親做皇帝,竟偽造另一版本的《順天時報》(日商在華出版的中文報紙),刊載擁護恢復帝制的假新聞,每天提供給袁世凱閱讀!因此,「有懷疑,核實之」的重點,更在於萬勿輕信看似可信的事物和言論。

注意「可靠」的訊號

經濟學家斯彭斯(Michael Spence)以其「市場訊號」(market signalling)模型聞名於世,更因在相關研究的貢獻於2001年取得諾貝爾經濟學獎。

年輕時候的斯彭斯注意到當時工商管理學碩士課程(MBA)的名校畢業生,收入明顯高於同輩中沒有讀過MBA的學生。他出於好奇作出假設:MBA並無提高學生生產力的作用,但它卻是一個很好的篩選工具,只有那些學習能力最高、最有紀律、最合群的學生,才能進入名校進修MBA和成功畢業。大企業看到這一點,選擇聘用這批人,其待遇自然較一般人高。

上文提及的神秘海外富商,如果他在中環租用了一個2萬呎的寫字樓,這是一個很強烈的訊號──他是個有錢人,因為一個真正的富商付出甲級寫字樓的高昂租金並不難,然而一般騙子卻無能為力。這倒不是說他的生意一定能賺錢,也不是說他一定不是騙子,只是說即使他是騙子,也肯定資金雄厚。

同樣道理,詳實的推薦信比過於簡略的推薦信值得信納,而具體的描述會比空洞的讚揚可靠。寫一封詳實的推薦信自然較為費時,但也較為有力。再者,同樣是兩頁紙書信,根據所了解的真實情況而寫,總會比憑空杜撰容易得多,也就更為可信。

這當然也有例外,納殊(John Nash)申請到普林斯頓大學攻讀博士學位課程時,提交了一封推薦信,篇幅之短可說前無古人,後無來者。信中只有四個字:他是天才!(He is a genius!)

注意提供訊息者的立場

一般來說,一項主張與主張者的原先立場愈遠,就愈值得重視。他提出這個意見的心理阻力相對較大,而且人是社會性動物,這樣也會令他與其所屬群體產生嚴重衝突,甚至失去所有朋友。教宗說上帝存在,並沒有什麼價值;若他說上帝不存在,那就很值得重視。同樣道理,大學校長主張削減大學開支,國防部長主張裁軍等,也都值得重視。

美國尼克遜總統在任期間,提出承認中華人民共和國,並與之建交,這與他作為堅定反共分子的立場嚴重牴觸,所以此舉對他來說需要極大勇氣。反過來說,這也足以證明他真心相信,這項政策對美國的確有重大好處。相反,如果當時的美國總統是共產主義擁護者,那麼與中國建交,就是容易得多的事情。

注意有關訊息的發放對象

有些國家的大學研究院規定,申請人有權閱讀推薦人的信件,有些國家則要求申請人須事先選擇是否保留閱讀推薦信的權利。一般而言,如果推薦信是對申請人保密的話,推薦人就可以比較自由地發揮;若果信件是向申請人公開的話,那麼推薦信一般比較正面,未必全面反映現實,作為校方取錄學生的參考價值也就較低。

同樣道理,兩個國家進行外交會談,通常有一部分是公開進行的,有傳媒出席的;兩國代表的言論未必是向對方表達的,而是向公眾表達的,這些言論與其說是他們真心所想,不如說只是他們期望公眾所相信,所以不宜照單全收。

了解發訊息者的心理狀態

傳送訊息者是否受貪婪、恐懼、癡迷所影響?只要察覺可能如此,儘管對方不是存心欺騙,都不要信以為真。

回說1900年晚清時期,因為義和團殺害傳教士引起外交紛爭,慈禧太后向英、美、法、德、意、日等11國宣戰。但是當時的兩廣總督李鴻章、湖廣總督張之洞、兩江總督劉坤一等人,卻與在南方的外國勢力簽署了《東南互保條約》,在當地不執行慈禧太后對外國宣戰的國策,免受戰火的蹂躪。他們所持的理由是︰慈禧太后的決定是「亂命」,亦即在心智失常、受到威逼,或沒有充分掌握有關資料的情況下作出的命令,所以不應該執行。

注意自己接收訊息時的心理狀態

接收訊息時,有否受貪婪、恐懼、癡迷所影響?我們買保險的時候,可能沒有經過深思熟慮,因此有冷靜期的安排。百貨公司一般都有售後短期內退回或交換貨物的服務,這些現代文明社會的措施,在一定程度上保障消費者權益,卻也令我們減低戒心。

袁世凱當年如果不是自己想要稱帝,也就不會受到他兒子的擺布。不走灰色地帶,就不會受灰色地帶誘惑。控制好情緒,有利於避免一時衝動而作出錯誤的決定。

總括而言,以上六點是筆者就本文主題的一孔之見。歸根究柢,對意見提供者及其所提出的意見,都要有充分合理的懷疑。讀完這篇文章,你大概會覺得我誤導了你,因為篇目看似關於愛情;其實這正好充分點題──教我如何相信他!

 

趙耀華 港大經管學院副教授

(本文同時於二零二一年六月二十三日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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