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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
Hong Kong’s second curve

Hong Kong’s second curve

22 Jul 2020
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香港的第二曲線 

年屆88歲的查爾斯.漢迪(Charles Handy)是英國管理學大師,其著作《理解組織》(Understanding Organizations)更是組織研究的經典。近幾年,漢迪在中國內地聲望日隆,原因是他的一本小書《第二曲線》(The Second Curve)。

何謂「第二曲線」?這是一個有關組織存亡的概念。在漢迪看來,無論小如個人或公司,抑或大至城市、國家,所有組織都像生物體一樣,要經歷一個生命周期:從成長到成熟,直至衰亡。一般而言,若以一條曲線來展示組織的生命周期,那是倒U形的曲線,是為「第一曲線」。第一曲線固然無可避免,然而有些組織歷久不衰,另一些卻迅速衰老消亡,原因究竟在哪裏?更重要的是,如何能夠拖慢組織衰老的過程?

重塑社會關鍵

作者的答案是「第二曲線」。簡而言之,當組織的第一曲線還沒到頂,組織就應該尋找新的增長點,準備轉型。新的增長點找出來了,組織能成功轉型,其生命軌跡就會移到一條新曲線上,重新開始成長;而嶄新的生命軌跡就是組織的第二曲線,象徵組織走得更高更遠,延緩衰老。

「第二曲線」這個概念在內地的高科技公司,尤其在有關數碼經濟的公司中大行其道。原因是這些行業變化快,新技術和新商業模式層出不窮。企業若不能順勢而為,迅速找到第二曲線,很快就會被新的競爭者所打敗。這個概念其實對城市國家和社會十分重要。

《第二曲線》一書就有這個副題:〈預見社會與個人新出路〉(Thoughts on Reinventing Society)。漢迪認為,我們整個社會的生活方式也許都需要尋找第二曲線。當然,不同國家和城市情況各有不同。對作為國際金融中心的香港來說,第二曲線何在?

聚焦知識創新

香港的第二曲線無疑是知識創新,打造以知識驅動創新的經濟模式。香港集天時地利人和於一身,有條件朝這一方向發展。

天時方面,正當科技發展日新月異,基礎研究和應用研究皆然,知識進步一日千里。從生物醫藥到材料工程,量子計算到人工智能,虛擬現實到自動駕駛,電子貨幣到3D列印,知識創新既在重塑我們的生活,創造巨大價值,也是價值鏈中的主要元素。傳統製造業效率和利潤遠遠不及着重知識創新的公司。

以蘋果手機為例,蘋果公司股價在過去10年漲了6倍以上,而其代工商富士康,即使效率高,股價卻變化不大。由此可見,蘋果和谷歌等創新科技龍頭在創造價值之餘,也積累了龐大的財富。

知識創新的價值既然有目共睹,不少城市也想成為知識創新中心,但矽谷只得一個,香港又有什麼優勢呢?國際金融中心地位其實是這個城市的比較劣勢,為鞏固金融地位所付出的代價就是生活成本(尤其是房價)太高,況且拜金文化也不利於知識創新。話說回來,香港畢竟有足夠資源發展為知識創新中心;知識創新的核心就是人才。

近40年來,中國崛起,除了GDP大增之外,還孕育了遍布世界的人才。對於吸引這些人才,香港有不少優勢。首先是毗鄰內地,又與世界主要城市有直達航線。其次是法制健全,可讓知識創新者專心致志,做出成績。第三,香港的財經實力有助知識變現,令知識創新者振翅高飛。第四,香港融滙中西的包融文化環境,有利於對知識創新者將天馬行空的奇想付諸實行。這些條件都是香港的地利。

至於人和方面,未來幾年將是香港邁向知識創新這第二曲線轉型的最佳時機。一方面,本地金融業仍然強大,硬軟實力兼備,有足夠的資源轉型。另一方面,在去全球化趨勢下,獨沽一味,單靠國際金融中心地位吃老本的固有思維逐漸過時。有心有力,當前正是邁向第二曲線的理想窗口。

更重要的是,去全球化也令不少國家(尤其是美國)降低對移民專才的歡迎程度,導致高科技領域的移民專才萌生去意,另覓更適合自己發展的土壤。這給香港帶來機遇,以其包容的文化和優良的制度吸納這些人才。

階段性三部曲

當然,展開第二曲線殊不容易,香港目前對於創新、創業、新經濟不算積極,也未能邁開步子,例如電子商務就不及其他一流大都會,網上購物不算方便,出行坐車、支付也有些落後。雖然特區政府在鼓勵知識創新一環有不少優惠政策,但創業人士仍面臨一籃子挑戰,人才更尤其稀缺,不少創業者就抱怨難以在本地物色到優秀的軟體工程師。

要解決高科技和知識方面的人才荒,從人才戰略的角度,筆者對特區政府有三項建議:短期靠「買」,中期靠「租」,長期靠「造」。

買,是指吸納環球人才,尤其是頂尖大師級的一群優才來港。1930年馮卡門(Theodore von Karman)加盟加州理工學院,吸引和培養一大批人才,對於南加州航空航太業騰飛發揮舉足輕重的作用。計算機科學家姚期智自2004年起
任職北京清華大學,也大大促進了內地人工智能的發展。假使本港可以在知識創新領域聘請此等翹楚,給予優厚待遇,不但展現海納百川的氣度,對社會促進知識創新也能產生正面效果。

租,是指推出更靈活的人才政策,讓知識創新企業更容易從全球招徠所需高科技人才,在港短期工作。世界各地固有的高科技人才政策,往往要求僱主證明所需人才無法在本地找到,徒令成本大增,對於小型創新公司尤其不利。總之,有關政策不應窒礙創新企業招攬外來專才,能助此等企業一臂之力的才是良策。

造,是指造就,即在本地學生中多培養日後投身知識創新領域的人才。本地最優秀的學生往往修讀醫學、法律或者商科。學生以待遇優厚行業為首選,乃屬人之常情。但對高材生,政府不妨在學業以至生活各方面給予扶持,讓他們看到知識創新的光明前景,而願意在這領域發展事業。當然,說易行難,這亦非一日之功,但假以時日,隨着香港逐漸建立崇尚知識的文化,知識工作者也通過創新取得可觀的回報,高材生自然會選擇知識創新,社會也能建立一個良性循環。

傳統上,特區政府一向信奉自由經濟市場,採取不干預政策。不過自由市場並非總是有效,前沿的經濟學研究也指出,通過公共政策扶持一些行業,可以幫助經濟發展。除了協助具體的行業,特區政府更可加強扶持人才的政策,打造知識型創新驅動式經濟,走入第二曲線,迎來更好的未來。

 

李晉教授
香港大學經濟及工商管理學院教授(管理及商業策略、經濟學)

(本文同時於二零二零年七月廿二日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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