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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
Gig Economy: Multiple Jobs under the New Normal

Gig Economy: Multiple Jobs under the New Normal

16 Nov 2022
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零工經濟:一人多職新常態

自八十年代開始持續三十年的超全球化日子一去不復返,發達經濟體面臨自七十年代來最嚴峻的通脹壓力,中國經濟發展也減速,全球低增長年代正式來臨。

正如呂大樂教授在《四代香港人》已闡述,上一代香港人趕上了香港經濟起飛青雲路,累積了不少財富,面對各種全球經濟挑戰,新一代相對缺乏機會,常感出頭無期。香港傳統的四大經濟支柱,特別是房地產及金融,已發展成熟,香港勞動力市場向上流機會相比以往確實低了。

新一代更看重工作意義

同時,年輕一代對職業的看法可與上一代不同,着重工作意義及與生活取得平衡,不認為賺錢是頭等大事,也不像上一代般期望一份穩定工作做到老。但又同時受許多社交媒體創造者鼓勵FIRE(Financial Independence, Retire Early),對高等教育及個人學習的用處產生懷疑。

再加上各地經濟及生產力放緩,很多都經歷了去工業化,導致中產職位空心化,社會欠缺向上流動的發展空間,並趨向橫向發展。未來經濟不確性,加上工作模式及工時靈活化,衍生了多工的聘任模式,更多人從事非正規職位,形成零工經濟。

疫情加速了零工經濟的發展,國際勞工組織研究指出,疫情導致工作場所實施不同程度的封閉措施,安排在家或混合模式工作,全球工時大減之餘,員工卻更有彈性地選擇工作時間及地點。環球經濟和貿易鏈受到衝擊,企業因應難以預測供求,難以擴大規模,導致工時不定、放無薪假、停薪留職成為勞動市場的新常態。

相比傳統勞動市場,零工經濟可製造更廣泛更自由的工作,透過互聯網,更多人特別是年輕人以自由職業者的方式產生收入。但在經濟不景氣時,非正規職位往往優先被裁,反映了就業市場處於結構性的轉變。根據香港青年協會研究訪問,在疫情期間曾遇過就業問題的18至34歲青年佔55%,最多青年反映面對「找不到工作」的情況,佔22%;「工時減少」及「放無薪假」分別佔17.8%及17.5%。

數據未反映實際就業情況

疫情不但加速了零工經濟的發展,更推進了平台經濟的增長。許多工作在疫情時轉向遠程工作,讓更多工人從事自由職業,甚至同時擁有多項工作。根據歐洲工會研究所研究,17%的歐洲人在過去12個月中為互聯網經濟工作,而29%曾在某個時候嘗試過。這表明了零工和互聯網經濟的共同發展下,企業許多時要管理身兼多職的員工,企業與員工之間的關係疏離了,員工對公司的歸屬感也下降了,導致管理人力資源成本提高,企業常面對人才荒。

零工經濟亦暴露了就業數據不能反映就業市場的問題,當愈來愈多人選擇零工經濟就業的時候,就業數據仍沿用傳統的方法去計算失業及就業不足率,未能反映勞動市場的實際情況。

例如,在疫情期間,西方國家政府通過大量紓困措施及量化寬鬆政策,造成財富效應,致部分市民缺乏工作意欲。如是者雖然疫情時期非農業就業工作職位下降,但因願意上班的勞動人口也大幅下降,所以失業率變化不大。但在疫後,西方多間央行收水加息,金融市場動盪,以致部分人的退休大計受影響。更甚者企業瘦身裁員以致減少員工人數,斜槓一族的的「飯碗」更首當其衝,不少市民希望重出正規就業市場工作,此時勞動人口突然大幅上升,導致失業率飆升。

可見如政策制定者只按照傳統的失業和就業率制定勞工政策,便會出現誤判和滯後效應。舊有的勞動市場統計數據,可誤導公共政策的策劃,包括教育、人才,以至稅收及福利政策。因此,必須重新檢視勞動市場統計數據,與時並進。

制定與時並進的人才政策

特首在最新的《施政報告》中,提出「搶人才、搶企業」措施,這是香港過去兩年人口下跌及人才流失必須的政策。但政策成效有賴政策能否回應勞工市場新常態。留住人才,要令香港成為宜居、宜業的「家」之餘,亦需改革就業、創業、人才及青年政策,配合零工經濟新時代就業人口的期望與需求。

傳統行業難以吸引新一代入行,如何發展創意工業及增加下一代的創意力,這是未來教育改革應考慮的重要一環。至於科技工業,如筆者一直認為香港有潛力發展的健康科技、農業科技、綠色科技、食品科技和半導體3.0(「五大新興產業」),不僅需要科技人才,還需要了解該行業的管理及領導人才,進行戰略規劃。例如,領先半導體企業台積電,用高薪聘請國際關係學人才,協助其處理地緣政治研究,以及對供應鏈營運有經驗的人才,這些需要多種技能如零工經濟常用的數碼技能,及文化商數(CQ)等。參考以色列,透過創業活動和具有挑戰性的研發活動培育出發展全面的年輕人才。接受培訓的人才在離開機構後,在各行各業發揮他們的領導作用,提升應用創科發展。

與此同時政府必須與商界更緊密合作,策略性培育年輕人才、裝備他們與經濟相關,以及以科學研究為基礎的能力,以促進本土創新,並確保我們的義務教育、持續教育和行政人員培訓在瞬息萬變的世界中具有競爭力。筆者建議特區政府可考慮重啟「旋轉門」,制定恒常制度讓政務官到商界、智庫、創科和社福界等工種得以獲取與時並進的行業知識。

香港作為全球最自由的經濟體之一,能吸引全球創新要素、高端人才和企業機構在港滙聚。但大前提是政策制定者,須明白零工經濟下的勞動市場新常態,並了解未來多變的勞動力供求情況。

 

鄧希煒教授
亞洲環球研究所所長、馮國經馮國綸基金經濟學教授

林康聖先生
港大經管學院導師、香港經濟及商業策略研究所研究員

(本文同時於二零二二年十一月十六日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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