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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
Domestic integration in economy, global search for talent

Domestic integration in economy, global search for talent

16 Jun 2021
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經濟內循環 人才外循環

筆者三個月前在本欄撰文 【註1】,倡議「化西入中」的港式教育,吸引中國內地學生來港求學,從而促進香港和內地的人才流動,助推粵港澳大灣區經濟融合。業界一些朋友看了此文,頗感興趣,致電商討。一位朋友特別前來香港大學,跟筆者探討教育和人才問題。寒暄幾句後,他便單刀直入:「你提出的觀點,無非是把香港當作內地人才加工的基地,然後走內銷的道路。這對你們搞教育的當然是一盤好生意,但對香港又有什麼『着數』呢?」此問乍聽突兀,細想卻值得思辨一番。

教育內銷 人才輸出

誠然,筆者前文不無把香港當作一個人才加工基地的意思。以前常聽老一輩的人說,廣東的金銀首飾店甚少手藝精湛的師傅,不得不把產品拿到香港加工。一經香港師傅之妙手,再拿回當地市場便可高價賣出。教育加工,說白了也大致如此。與金銀首飾不同的是,教育加工的對象是人力資本,是來港求學生活的人。

不難想像,把香港打造成一個高層次的人才加工基地,直接的利益便是帶動高等教育以及相關行業的發展。筆者有時在港大經管學院數碼港的教學樓執教,眼見來往其中的內地學子,數碼港平添熱鬧之餘,更頗有人才搖籃之勢,不由心生喜悅。

教育加工帶來的也許是蠅頭小利,對香港整體經濟的貢獻微不足道。然而,當教育加工變成人才輸出,意義顯然大不一樣。本地有名的珠寶品牌,譬如周大福、謝瑞麟,無論是中國內地的遊客來港購買,還是把分店開到內地去,都是港產輸出,港資賺錢。教育也是如此。一個香港人在本地的大學畢業後往內地就業,或者是一個內地人來港念書,再回內地就業,乃至內地人求學於香港大學、科技大學、中文大學設於內地的分校,對香港來說,都是教育的品牌和技術輸出。本港的教育輸出模式目前仍處於初步階段,一旦能全面配合市場需求,鞏固優勢,形成規模,便可給教育產業開闢巨大空間,成為特區經濟增長的一大亮點。

南下北上 人才分流

教育輸出的另一個好處是促進人才流動。港粵之間人才缺乏流動是大灣區經濟融合的一大障礙。

一方面,在香港常有人說,年輕人不願到內地工作;另一方面,在深圳、廣州的說法則是,就算香港青年願意前往內地工作,他們能否勝任也成疑問。撇開政治、社會、生活方式等因素,單從經濟角度考慮,這種人才缺乏流動的尷尬狀況,部分源自港產教育在內地城市缺乏網絡效應。試想如果在深廣兩地工作的香港大學畢業生隨處可見,校友網絡廣闊,學弟學妹到內地求職也就不愁門路。能否覓得理想職位,辦事是否有人照應,容易結交新朋友與否,這些都是港人移居內地實際考慮的問題。港產教育的輸出恰恰有助於解決這些問題,效果應遠勝金錢補貼和勵志宣傳。

窒礙香港與內地人才流動的社會因素的確不少,對研究社會流動的學者來說不足為奇。在成熟的社會生態中尋求大規模的人群流動,談何容易!通過港式教育內銷來刺激人才流動,算是筆者拋磚引玉的新思路建言,效果如何,有待日後小心求證。

毋庸置疑的是,隨着大灣區人才流動加快,香港勢將面臨人才分流(talent sorting)的挑戰。大體上說,有意在中國內地市場發展的銷售、專業人才或從事製造業者,會選擇離港北上,而志在參與外循環及金融行業的內地人才,則會樂於來港打拚。這是經濟學的比較優勢原理使然,不難預測。大有可能的結果就是,香港經濟出現金融強化、商業淡化、製造業弱化、高科技分化。這樣一來,整個大灣區的經濟效率得以提升,香港卻可能因此承受經濟結構失調的風險,甚至國際競爭力備受削弱,長遠而言並不可取。筆者以為,要避免這樣的局面,人才戰略至關重要。

在經濟的常規運作中,大方向總是人隨事走。畢竟大多數人求職,無非為了金錢回報。然而戰略的要意旨在超越常規,既不能事事順水推舟,有時更得逆水行舟。在目前的社會條件下,香港仗賴內地的內循環而尋求經濟發展,實乃大勢所趨;在人才戰略上,香港卻須堅守走外循環之路,加強人才的國際接軌和全球融合。

招賢納士 全球戰略

經濟內循環,人才外循環,看似互相矛盾,實是應有之義。中央政府近年大講經濟內循環,意在加強內需對經濟增長的作用,並不意味着要淡化對外貿易的重要性。部分政府智囊高參一再強調,中國經濟要走的是「雙循環」策略。筆者這幾年與內地的企業家多有交流,不少人還是更願意從事出口貿易,因為歐美商家訂單規模大,產品標準明確,合同規範,交付準時,而一旦轉戰內銷市場,狀況便大不一樣,企業往往為了打進一個小市場爭得一地雞毛。因此,香港熟悉國際業務的各種專業人才,在參與中國經濟雙循環的格局下,還是大有用武之地。

香港融入大灣區,並不意味滾滾商機撲面而來。除了在金融業上香港確實有內地難以比擬的優勢,在其他行業,深圳、廣州以至東莞、佛山都是香港強有力的競爭對手。如果香港不能在人才上勝出一籌,在金融業以外的行業恐怕要在競爭中弱化。與內地相比,香港的人才優勢全在其國際性。此外,香港若要走高科技方向,自身的人才儲備實在不敷應用,假使不能面向全球招賢納士,也就只能在高科技的大金盤中分得小小的一杯羹。筆者認為,香港採取人才外循環的策略,不但應當成為各界人士的共識,更應該是特區政府經濟規劃的重中之重。

當前外資在香港的進出,成了商界和政界的關注議題。上月香港美國商會發布一份調查報告,稱在325家受訪成員機構中,42%考慮離開香港。上周的《華爾街日報》就報道有關外資在港的去留問題 【註2】,引述多名熟悉香港的國際商界人士,表示特區政府一直打出的「亞洲國際都會」品牌定位,現在面臨新加坡和上海的極大挑戰,形勢不容樂觀。文章特別提到,從2019年6月至2020年6月的一年間,在香港的美國公司有45家關閉總部或辦事處;與此同時,來港開辦地區總部或辦事處的內地中資企業為數63家。此消彼長,中環區的高樓大廈還不至於人去樓空,但人才流動的格局已是悄然起了變化。這一點,特區政府不僅應關注事態發展,更須積極地去吸納全球精英,並且借助中國經濟內外雙循環的良性互動,進一步鞏固香港作為國際人才中心的地位。

 

【註1】: 〈灣區爭雄重育才 融匯中西港佔優〉,吳延暉,《信報》,2021年3月10日

【註2】:Global Companies Eye Exits From Hong Kong, John Lyons and Frances Yoon, The Wall Street Journal, 7 June 2021

 

吳延暉博士
港大經管學院副教授(經濟學、管理及商業策略)

(本文同時於二零二一年六月十六日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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