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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
COVID-19 & Monetary Policy

COVID-19 & Monetary Policy

4 Mar 2020
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新冠肺炎與貨幣政策

年多以來,香港經濟受到中美貿易戰、社會動盪和新冠肺炎的連番重擊,頹勢盡顯。按上星期《財政預算案》中發表的數字,2019年香港的實質本地生產增長率為-1.2%,是二戰後繼1998年亞洲金融風暴和2009年全球金融危機後的第三次負增長。以季度而言,去年第三、四季比一年前分別萎縮2.8%和2.9%。今年首季加上新冠肺炎的影響,情況必然更加惡劣。在如此境況下,政府已先後推出各種財政紓緩方案,並在預算案中提出1220億元的逆周期措施,包括給每位18歲以上的永久居民派一萬元。

也許是經濟實在太差,和過去比較,本年度的財政預算特別慷慨,市民也樂於照單全收,因此政黨和論者對預算案的批評較少。有趣的是,政府派錢在香港和澳門並不新鮮,但卻有西方論者【註】,包括素有江湖地位的英國《金融時報》,把香港的派錢方案看作是「直升機貨幣」政策(helicopter money),字裏行間更有一些嘲諷的味道。

外國評論員對港多誤解

「直升機貨幣」政策與量化寬鬆和負利率,被視為主要的非傳統貨幣政策。直升機貨幣指央行在直升機上對地面大灑金錢,拾到金錢的市民便可增加消費。這原本是已故經濟學大師佛利民在理論探索時的想像。到了本世紀初,前聯儲局主席貝南奇提出,當有嚴重經濟衰退和通縮而傳統的貨幣政策失效時,大可採用直升機貨幣政策,因而得到「Helicopter Ben」的稱號。要澄清的是,從直升機灑下金錢,只不過是比較形象化的說法。真正實施的話,央行會通過不同的方式(如減稅)來將鈔票轉給市民。

「直升機貨幣」政策是央行以鈔票來補貼市民的開支,表面上看,與香港政府派錢給市民相若。但有一個重要的分別,是前者涉及發行新的貨幣,而後者則只是把已存在的貨幣轉手。香港的派錢,是純粹的政府財政行為,不涉及金管局或發鈔銀行增加貨幣供應。事實上,在貨幣發行局制度下,香港政府很難主動地影響貨幣發行量。這些都是香港經濟的入門知識,不明白為何這麼容易混淆。這使人聯想到美國一名對沖基金經理(Kyle Bass)去年在香港社會動盪時多次發出香港貨幣和銀行不穩,是時候拋空港元的訊息,背後都涉及對香港制度的錯誤理解。似乎外國評論員對香港的誤解愈來愈多。

在聯繫滙率下,香港缺乏貨幣政策的自主性,遑論實施什麼非傳統的貨幣政策。面對新冠肺炎或其他經濟衝擊,只能以財政政策來應付。一些主要的經濟體則不同。2008年全球金融危機發生後,傳統的貨幣政策因利率已接近零的水平而成為強弩之末,美國、英國、日本和歐羅區遂採用量化寬鬆,而日本與歐羅區更實施負利率政策,至目前仍在執行。聯儲局在三輪量化寬鬆後,於2017年開始縮表,但到去年8月又重新購買資產,有人認為是變相的再度量化寬鬆。在去年下半年貿易戰硝煙瀰漫期間,聯儲局已三度減息。未來的貨幣政策如何,有待美國長達十年半的經濟擴張期如何發展下去,而目前的主要威脅,明顯來自新冠肺炎在美國的擴散。

疫情初期,在美國確診的新冠肺炎個案寥寥可數,一般美國人都認為與自己無關。但過去兩星期的發展,特別是在南韓、意大利和伊朗的爆發,再加上受影響國家的數目愈來愈多,使人驚覺疫情可以這麼接近。驚慌轉化為負面的預期,迅速表現在金融市場上。美股連跌7天,道瓊斯指數從歷史高位迅速下調了大約12%。上周五聯儲局主席鮑威爾表示會就新冠肺炎對經濟的威脅採取適當有力的措施,特朗普又慣性地對聯儲局施壓,道指才在本周一作出比較明顯的反彈。有分析認為,新冠肺炎使聯儲局在本年內減息3次的概率由20%增加到80%。目前市場主要預期聯儲局會在短期內減息,幅度可能是0.5%,甚至可能不會等待原先訂下的3月17日會期而提早開會決定。由於對新冠肺炎的了解不足,難以估計其對經濟的影響,政策的力度難以拿捏,比較保守的做法就是重拳出擊。

對經濟帶來結構性改變

貨幣政策因其靈活性和及時性常被用來解決宏觀經濟的困境,卻並非萬靈丹。一般而言,宏觀政策的作用在調控總需求,但疫情影響的,起碼在疫情期間,主要是總供應方面。工人因為需要隔離不能上班,如果他們生產的是全球供應鏈的一部分,那在國內和國外的其他生產商也不能生產,生產到的也不能全數付運。這些都不是減息和增加貨幣供應可以解決的,即使貨幣供應增加提高了市場上的購買力,也因為人際交流減少而不能完全體現出來。對生產商而言,不能生產或產品不能銷售,現金流入大幅減少甚至乾涸,但生產成本卻不能按比例下調,生產商即使能堅持下去,也只能望天打卦、坐待黎明。當然,這裏不是說減息沒有作用。當經濟因疫情萎縮、失業率及債務違約上升時,增加市場上的購買力和總需求,肯定是有幫助的。

這次新冠肺炎對經濟的影響,不單是一般的衰退然後復甦的經濟周期,也會有結構上的改變,而這方面也不是貨幣政策可以幫忙的。疫情過後,各方面都會作適當的反思。人與人之間、企業與企業之間、國家與國家之間,因為疫情互相牽連,會否覺得之前的關係「too close for comfort」?在目前民粹主義泛濫、社會媒體失控和身份認同政治的大環境下,族群之間的分工合作可能會減少,黨同伐異可能會增加。在全球經濟上,供應鏈會有一定的重組(這在貿易戰下已出現),經濟體之間相互依賴程度會下跌。2020年很可能是標誌着逆全球化展開主要的一年。

 

註:

https://ftalphaville.ft.com/2020/02/26/1582705518000/Helicopter-money-is-here/

https://www.zerohedge.com/economics/hong-kong-embraces-helicopter-money-govt-gives-every-adult-citizen-hk10000?utm_campaign=&utm_content=ZeroHedge%3A+The+Durden+Dispatch&utm_medium=email&utm_source=zh_newsletter

 

陸炎輝 香港大學經濟及工商管理學院榮譽副教授
(本文同時於二零二零年三月四日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)​

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