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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
Congestion Pricing is a Good Policy for Cross-Harbour Tunnels

Congestion Pricing is a Good Policy for Cross-Harbour Tunnels

19 Oct 2022
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隧道擠塞徵費合理可行

西區海底隧道(西隧)專營權明年8月屆滿,政府計劃繼接收西隧後,在三條過海隧道實施「擠塞徵費」。這個方案向立法會提出後,社會上出現一些反對意見。其實,按照擠塞程度分段收費,是各種方案中比較科學可行的一種,也是世界各大城市公共交通政策的共同趨勢。

多修道路 無補於事

全球各大城市的交通日益擁擠,除了延長出行時間,還造成空氣污染、交通事故加劇等弊病。解決擠塞最自然的思路是多修路,可是實踐證明,路多了不一定能減少擠塞,有時只會適得其反。1968年,德國數學家布雷斯(Dietrich Braess)在運輸模型中發現,道路增加以後,交通反倒有可能更為擁擠。道理很簡單,人們選擇各種交通工具時,主要比較成本和收益。使用私家車的好處是便利,壞處之一是交通擁擠,假如道路增多而車輛數目不變,基於車流減少,私家車出行成本相應降低,將鼓勵更多人駕駛私家車,擠塞就可能更嚴重。

這一現象被稱為「布雷斯悖論」(Braess’s Paradox)。這樣一個出人意料的結果,雖出於理論推導,卻可在現實中找到不少例證。例如南韓首爾因為清溪川工程而關閉一條高速公路,結果市區附近的車速反倒加快。1969年,德國斯圖加特市投資改進公路網絡,但塞車未有改善,直到關閉一段公路以後,車流才見順暢。1990年,美國紐約因應世界地球日而暫時關閉第42街,意外發現堵車情況頗有改善。根據交通模型對紐約、波士頓、倫敦的推演,可以預計封閉哪些道路就可以改善交通。香港亦有類似證據:中環繞道的開通並無紓緩紅磡海底隧道(紅隧)、東區海底隧道(東隧)的塞車。

國際政界、學界現在一般認為,解決大城市交通擁擠的有效辦法是擠塞徵費,即按照擠塞程度,在一天當中不同時段採取不同收費。新加坡、米蘭、倫敦、斯德哥爾摩、紐約都先後推行這個辦法。進入倫敦中心8平方英里的區域,每日費用15英鎊,這一政策實行一年後,塞車情況下降30%,空氣污染減少四分之一。2007年,斯德哥爾摩對進出市中心13平方英里範圍實行擠塞徵費後,進出車輛的數量下降20%,塞車情況改善50%。

收費懸殊 其來有自

本港三條過海隧道均採用「建造、營運及移交」專營權的模式,由私人公司出資建造,獲准在建成後一段時間內持有專營權,收取較高的隧道費,以保證投資回報。專營權屆滿,政府接收隧道之際,往往會大幅降低收費。目前紅隧和東隧由政府運作,收費較低,私家車分別收費20元和25元;西隧仍由私人公司營運,私家車收費高達75元。

收費結構失衡導致紅隧和東隧的擠塞問題嚴重。根據2021年年底數月的交通調查,繁忙時段過海車輛數目超出三隧總容量的四分之一,紅隧和東隧更超過50%,通過兩條隧道的時間分別為25分鐘及17分鐘,為交通暢順時段的3倍。西隧的情況略好,但繁忙時間的使用量亦已達到其設計容量的極限,交通擠塞情況時有出現。

香港汽車會指擠塞徵費是懲罰駕駛者,對他們不公平。政府關注的是整體市民利益,並非某一團體。擠塞波及所有道路使用者,包括乘巴士過海的普羅大眾,以及不過海而必須使用鄰近過海隧道出入口道路的出行人士。若縮短車龍,無疑有利這兩大群體。

公道與否 各有準則

輪候時間過長,對每名駕駛者都是巨大成本,對時間寶貴者更甚。這些人為節省時間,一定樂於每次多花幾十元隧道費。事實上,這次建議擠塞徵費不過10或20港元,遠低於紐約市的23美元。至於那些一毛不拔的人,既然漲一元是得罪,漲20元也是得罪,基於政治策略考量,政府不妨一次性多加一點,紅隧在目前20元極低的基礎上,即使增加40元亦不為過。歸根究柢,現行20元過海收費過於低廉,正是導致擠塞最主要原因。不論是否實行分段收費,早應該提高。這點見識相信政府官員是有的,可是立法會少數人出於小團體私利,一直強烈反對。

有人說問題源自缺乏良好配套措施,例如房屋政策、泊車轉乘等。由於香港特定的地理條件,在港島有大量工作機會,但住屋成本高企,必然會有許多人住在九龍、新界而前往港島上班,每天上班、歸家的兩次過海高峰,無論什麼樣的房屋政策也難以解決。

三隧定價 不宜劃一

政府的目標之一是,三條隧道的收費水平調整至相若甚至劃一,以避免有人為省錢而繞道,產生無謂浪費。有鑑於現時紅隧、東隧的收費大幅低於西隧,將三隧收費水平拉近的思路正確,但不應追求完全一致。道理很簡單:紅隧最方便,需求最大,若三隧收費劃一,紅隧可能仍然極其擁擠,而西隧則未盡其用。為有效使用道路,合理辦法應是紅隧收費高於其他兩隧,讓車輛分流到西隧、東隧。

這次擠塞徵費的方案主要針對私家車。在繁忙時段,私家車佔過海車輛五成至六成,但只佔過海人數不到兩成,反觀巴士佔過海車輛數量8%,但運載過海乘客接近八成之多。所以私家車在擠塞時段需多付費,而計劃降低巴士的收費水平。方案沒有提到巴士是否實行分段收費,依筆者看,巴士作為有效的公共交通工具,運載大量乘客,不應該分段收費。

政府還計劃降低貨車等商用車輛的過海費用,並對的士全日劃一收費。這裏有兩個問題:第一,各種不同車輛之間的收費是否應該拉平;第二,某一種車輛在全日之內的收費是否應像私家車那樣隨擠塞程度而調整。

不同種類車輛對交通擠塞的影響相若;相互之間收費高低主要看在過海交通中各自帶來的社會效益以及對價格的敏感性。商用車輛支援各種經濟活動,又缺少替代運輸工具,目前隧道費普遍較私家車為高,計劃將之降低可謂合理。的士有時載客多人,部分乘客(主要是外來旅客)不熟悉公共交通,又攜帶行李,過海的時段也無彈性,將的士過海費用維持在低於私家車的水平,亦屬合理。

然而商用車輛也有一定彈性(例如改在非繁忙時段過海);大部分的士乘客都是本地人,他們過海的需求也可調整。對這兩類車輛,也應該全日按不同時段收費。近些年倫敦市中心的交通量漸次回升,主要原因就是網購快遞及優步等網約車興起。

 

周文博士
港大經管學院管理及商業策略副教授

(本文同時於二零二二年十月十九日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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