logo
  • Global Presence
  • About Us
        • About us about us
        • A Premier Business School in Asia with Global Influence
        • Overview
          • Message from the Dean
          • Vision & Mission
          • Milestones
          • Partnerships & Global Network
          • Beta Gamma Sigma HKU Chapter
          • Rankings & Accreditations
          • Corporate Collaboration
        • Leadership
          • Faculty Management
          • International Advisory Council
        • Our Stories
        • Contact Us
        • Staff Portal
        • Campuses
  • Programmes
        • Programmes programmes
        • Diversified Learning Experience Empowers our Students
        • Undergraduate
        • Masters
          • MAA
          • MAcct
          • MCGRM
          • MEcon
          • MFWM
          • MFin
          • MFFinTech
          • MGM
          • MSAF
          • MSc(BA)
          • MScMktg
          • MWM
        • MBAs & EMBAs
          • MBA
          • IMBA
          • HKU EMBA
        • PhD
        • Executive Education
        • DBA
  • People
        • People people
        • International Faculty Body that Offers Quality Education
        • Faculty
        • Post-Doctoral Fellows
        • Demonstrators/ Teaching Assistants
        • Research Postgraduate Students
        • Administration
  • Research
        • Research research
        • Lead the Frontier of Knowledge Creation
        • Thought Leadership
          • Latest Research Publications
          • HKEJ Column
          • FT Chinese Column
          • In the Media
        • Academic Areas
        • Faculty Members
        • Research Grants
        • Seminars & Conferences
          • Edward K Y Chen Distinguished Lecture Series
        • Research Centres & Institutes
        • Hong Kong Macroeconomics Forecast
        • HKU Knowledge Exchange
        • HKU Scholars Hub
        • Shenzhen Research Institutes
  • Events
  • Media
        • Media media
        • Inspire the Society and Community with Rigorous Insights
        • School News
        • In the Media
        • Press Release
  • Career
        • Career career
        • Fostering Strategic Partnerships and Talent Development
        • Recruit our Talents
        • Student Career Development
        • Career Opportunities
          • Faculty Recruitments
          • HKU Career Site
  • 繁
  • 简
Type To Search
logo
Type To Search
  • Global Presence
  • About Us
        • About us about us
        • A Premier Business School in Asia with Global Influence
        • Overview
          • Message from the Dean
          • Vision & Mission
          • Milestones
          • Partnerships & Global Network
          • Beta Gamma Sigma HKU Chapter
          • Rankings & Accreditations
          • Corporate Collaboration
        • Leadership
          • Faculty Management
          • International Advisory Council
        • Our Stories
        • Contact Us
        • Staff Portal
        • Campuses
  • Programmes
        • Programmes programmes
        • Diversified Learning Experience Empowers our Students
        • Undergraduate
        • Masters
          • MAA
          • MAcct
          • MCGRM
          • MEcon
          • MFWM
          • MFin
          • MFFinTech
          • MGM
          • MSAF
          • MSc(BA)
          • MScMktg
          • MWM
        • MBAs & EMBAs
          • MBA
          • IMBA
          • HKU EMBA
        • PhD
        • Executive Education
        • DBA
  • People
        • People people
        • International Faculty Body that Offers Quality Education
        • Faculty
        • Post-Doctoral Fellows
        • Demonstrators/ Teaching Assistants
        • Research Postgraduate Students
        • Administration
  • Research
        • Research research
        • Lead the Frontier of Knowledge Creation
        • Thought Leadership
          • Latest Research Publications
          • HKEJ Column
          • FT Chinese Column
          • In the Media
        • Academic Areas
        • Faculty Members
        • Research Grants
        • Seminars & Conferences
          • Edward K Y Chen Distinguished Lecture Series
        • Research Centres & Institutes
        • Hong Kong Macroeconomics Forecast
        • HKU Knowledge Exchange
        • HKU Scholars Hub
        • Shenzhen Research Institutes
  • Events
  • Media
        • Media media
        • Inspire the Society and Community with Rigorous Insights
        • School News
        • In the Media
        • Press Release
  • Career
        • Career career
        • Fostering Strategic Partnerships and Talent Development
        • Recruit our Talents
        • Student Career Development
        • Career Opportunities
          • Faculty Recruitments
          • HKU Career Site
港大經管學院
  • Global Presence
  • About Us
    • Overview
      • Message from the Dean
      • Vision & Mission
      • Milestones
      • Partnerships & Global Network
      • Beta Gamma Sigma HKU Chapter
      • Rankings & Accreditations
      • Corporate Collaboration
    • Leadership
      • Faculty Management
      • International Advisory Council
    • Our Stories
    • Contact Us
    • Staff Portal
    • Campuses
  • Programmes
    • Undergraduate
    • Masters
      • MAA
      • MAcct
      • MCGRM
      • MEcon
      • MFWM
      • MFin
      • MFFinTech
      • MGM
      • MSAF
      • MSc(BA)
      • MScMktg
      • MWM
    • MBAs & EMBAs
      • MBA
      • IMBA
      • HKU EMBA
    • DBA
    • PhD
    • Executive Education
  • People
    • Faculty
    • Post-Doctoral Fellows
    • Demonstrators/ Teaching Assistants
    • Research Postgraduate Students
    • Administration
  • Research
    • Thought Leadership
      • Latest Research Publications
      • HKEJ Column
      • FT Chinese Column
      • In the Media
    • Academic Areas
    • Faculty Members
    • Research Grants
    • Seminars & Conferences
      • Edward K Y Chen Distinguished Lecture Series
    • Research Centres & Institutes
    • Hong Kong Macroeconomics Forecast
    • HKU Knowledge Exchange
    • HKU Scholars Hub
    • Shenzhen Research Institutes
  • Events
  • Media
    • School News
    • In the Media
    • Press Release
  • Career
    • Recruit our Talents
    • Student Career Development
    • Career Opportunities
      • Faculty Recruitments
      • HKU Career Site

HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column

China’s exports and Hong Kong’s innovation

4 Dec 2019
Share on TwitterShare on FacebookShare on WhatsappShare on LinkedInShare on Email

中國出口與香港創新

中國於1979年開始改革開放,此後40年來,實現並保持了長期的經濟高增長(平均每年9.6%)和貿易高增長(平均每年10.9%),如此驚人成績在世界歷史上是前所未有的。2013年,中國已成為全球最大的商品出口國。為什麼中國的經濟得以發展迅速?這已經有很多的探討和論述。為什麼中國的出口表現又如此出色?貿易理論和經驗證據提供的答案包括國內經濟改革、減少市場扭曲、提高效率以及貿易自由化等因素。這些因素使國家能夠更好地實現其比較優勢,並促使企業提高生產力和產品品質,從而增加出口。

經濟改革成效

根據多倫多大學朱曉冬教授的一篇工作論文,減少國內市場扭曲對促進經濟增長和國內貿易都很重要。在21世紀初,中國由政策引發的勞動人口流動成本和內部貿易成本甚高。自此之後,政府進行了政策改革和基礎建設投資,大大降低了勞動人口流動和貿易的成本,而全國經濟總生產率亦同時大幅提升。2000至2005年,內地貿易和勞動人口流動成本的降低,以及相關的貿易和勞動人口流動的增長,佔全國勞動生產率增長總量的28%;另一方面,國際貿易成本的降低僅佔增長的8%。這些數據突顯出內部改革對內地經濟增長的重要性,這與視此5年期的增長是「出口主導」的普遍觀點並不符合。

我和我的合作者最近做了一些關於中國出口的研究,發現一些似乎與貿易無關的國內改革,對出口有着重大影響。我們關注的國內改革重點在增值稅的改革。增值稅是全球大約80%國家/地區都採用的一種稅項。1979年,內地4個城市率先對兩種工業產品試行增值稅,自1994年全國實施以來,增值稅一直是中國政府稅收的主要來源。例如2007年,增值稅收入超過15470億元人民幣(約合2200億美元),佔當年中國稅收總額的33.9%。

增值稅一旦採用,企業就會有逃稅的動機。雖然同行業企業的名義增值稅率相同,但各家公司逃避增值稅的能力不同,因此面對不同的實際增值稅稅率。稅務部門徵稅時須檢查和驗證公司的生產成本和銷售收入。以往這種檢查成本很高,政府人員要親身到公司實地檢查,於是偏遠的地方就可免則免。這樣一來,與距離地方稅務局較近的公司相比,距離較遠的公司因很可能得以避過檢查,自然更有動機少報增值稅。

 出口增長助力

 

2001年,中國啟動「金稅工程」(Golden Tax Project;簡稱GTP),以便稅務機關通過科技而毋須實地檢查、驗證企業的購銷情況。因此,對於所有公司來說,逃稅變得更加困難,跟當地稅務局不同距離的公司也不會有不同的執法機率。換句話說,GTP大大提升對全國公司執行增值稅的力度,特別是那些離各自地方稅務局較遠的公司。

我們的研究通過資料分析後發現,實施GTP之前,較遠的公司支付的實際稅率低於較近的公司;推行GTP後,前者的實際增值稅稅率增幅更大。公司與稅務局的距離增加一個標準差,使公司在GTP後的有效增值稅稅率提高約0.1個百分點。研究結果亦顯示,GTP減少了企業在國內市場的銷售額,但其出口量卻大增。公司與稅務局的距離增加一個標準差,公司的國內銷售額便減少3.6%,而出口則增加10%。由於一家公司與相應地方稅務局之間的平均距離約為2.4個標準差,所以此段期間平均來說,GTP使公司的出口量增加了24%,並對中國整體出口增長貢獻了約7.7%。

上文兩個例子闡釋同一個問題。一個市場出現很多扭曲情況,不單影響該市場,同時影響其他行業的發展。香港存在很多市場扭曲的現象,嚴重窒礙經濟發展;眾所周知,創新是經濟增長的關鍵,但本地缺乏創新,這不能歸咎於教育、政策或市民大眾。事實上,造成目前這種結果的其中一大障礙是高房價。在美國,許多創新都來自一些年輕畢業生在家裏的地下室進行研發試驗,成本當然極低。反觀本地大學畢業生首要考慮是找工作,否則將無法支付一個小型住宅單位的租金。沒有人敢花幾年時間,租個地方去做那些不確定的事情;若能勇往直前,放膽創新,大灣區在這方面也許足以提供解決方案。

年輕一輩可把一些高附加值的部分放在本地,其他大部分工作在內地進行。在香港,有些市場(包括房地產)過度扭曲;內地也有相類情況,例如金融、資訊、人員流動等範疇。若要對症下藥,必須把產業分布在不同領域,盡量減低市場扭曲帶來的負面影響。

丘東曉 香港大學經濟及工商管理學院副院長兼鍾瀚德基金教授(經濟發展學)

(本文同時於二零一九年十二月四日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

Easy to suppress rioters, difficult to gain people's trust27 Nov 2019
An advanced blueprint on Belt and Road Initiative11 Dec 2019
Trending
The Trade War and Macroeconomic Identities
The Trade War and Macroeconomic Identities
Dr. Y. F. LUK
Earlier, the U.S. and China engaged in tariff talks in Geneva and unexpectedly reached a consensus for a truce, temporarily lowering tariff rates to levels prior to the so-called "Liberation Day" in the U.S. However, the global situation remains difficult to restore to its previous state. U.S. President Trump has been employing so-called negotiation tactics, fluctuating offers between high and low, and using both genuine and deceptive strategies to create negotiation space for his side. Yet, due to a lack of confidence and logical inconsistencies, the trade war resembles a poorly executed circus act, pushing the global economic policy uncertainty index to a historic high.
21 May 2025
Faculty
Innovation Strategy Common Ground – from Poverty Alleviation to International Web3 Centre
Innovation Strategy Common Ground – from Poverty Alleviation to International Web3 Centre
Prof. Joseph CHAN
Hong Kong has long been successful in its four pillar industries, comprising trading and logistics, financial services, professional and producer services and tourism. According to the research by the HK government, they contributed close to 60% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and almost half of the total employment before COVID. However, all these four pillars have encountered the decline in their respective area – resulting from the rapid change in market need & user behavior, regional and global competition, the development in new value-chain and advanced technology, as well as geo-political environment. As a solution, ‘innovation’ has been introduced to address these pain-points of Hong Kong. The question to ask, how should we develop the innovation strategies – instead of coming up ideas for the sake of ‘innovation’? In this article, we will discuss how innovation strategy could be approached from the perspective of poverty alleviation to Web3 industry development – two topics sound not-related, but their common ground might give us the insight on how we could find the development path of Hong Kong.
14 May 2025
Faculty
Sign up for upcoming news and events
LinkedIn WeChat Instagram Facebook Weibo Twitter YouTube

©2025, HKU Business School. All Rights Reserved. | Privacy Policy | Web Accessibility Statement