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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
China 2021: A Year of Regulation

China 2021: A Year of Regulation

12 Jan 2022
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2021是中國的監管年

從中國經濟的角度而言,2021是具歷史意義的一年;若作一精簡總結,2021可謂中國經濟加強監管的一年。下文從三方面加以闡釋。

科網企業和數據安全

去年中國政府對互聯網的監管行動可追溯至2020年年底,阿里巴巴擱置旗下螞蟻集團的上市計劃後,隨即被有關當局約談整改,並付之實行。螞蟻集團手上最具價值的逾10億消費者數據庫,將成立錢塘徵信公司,由螞蟻、浙江省旅遊投資集團各持股35%,11月底已向人民銀行遞交申請。

2021年6月30日,滴滴出行在美國上市,兩日後卻傳來中國國家互聯網信息辦公室(網信辦)宣布對其啟動網絡安全審查的新聞,期間禁止新用戶註冊,應用程式下架。滴滴掛牌半年股價大瀉,最近決定從美國退市,轉來香港上市。

滴滴事件引起中國監管部門關注數據出境問題,網信辦10月底發布意見稿,數據處理者須申報數據出境安全評估。此外,數據處理者在境外上市亦需審批。

數據安全是新興的監管問題,對於互聯網平台的監管,亦包括對企業壟斷行為的慣常調查。阿里巴巴和美團先後因「二選一」壟斷行為,遭市場監管總局調查,阿里最終被重罰182億元人民幣。2021年7月,市場監管總局責令騰訊解除網絡音樂獨家版權,降低市場進入門檻,騰訊音樂的獨家版權時代隨之告終。政府施壓下,騰訊宣布旗下微信開放外部鏈接訪問功能,阿里旗下餓了麼、優酷等平台,已經接入微信支付等等。

教培雙減

教育部去年7月發布文件,提出「雙減」政策,一方面提升學校教育的品質,減少校內作業量,減輕學生負擔。另一方面是對校外培訓機構的全面規範。現有的學科培訓類機構重新審核登記為非營利性機構,一律不得上市融資。校外培訓機構不可提供境外的教育課程,不得佔用法定節假日、休息日,寒暑假期組織培訓。

據《信報》網上新聞報道,中國教育部最近表示,校外培訓機構治理取得進展,學科類培訓大減,線下和線上校外培訓機構都已減超過八成;其餘部分機構轉為非營利性機構,實行政府指導價,提供公益服務,不適合「營轉非」的將被註銷。明年將繼續把「雙減」督導作為教育督導「一號工程」,以取得新成效。此外,各地各校普遍制定了作業管理辦法,在規定時間內完成書面作業的學生佔比,由「雙減」前的46%,大大提升至目前逾90%。

由此觀之,「雙減」政策確實取得立竿見影的效果,不過世上沒有免費午餐這回事,雷厲風行背後是有代價的。限制補習活動,規定補習機構為非營利,被明令禁止的補習還是會出現的,比如由英語老師去做課外體育活動的導師,買一杯奶茶100元,送一小時與補習老師聊天等等。那些付得起錢的人仍然可以補習,然而,那些只能付出大眾化價錢的學生卻補習無門。換言之,交易成本上升了,教育的機會變得更不平等。再者,原本受僱於這個行業的補習老師和從業人員因而大批失業,對他們和他們家庭帶來的打擊,這都是「雙減」政策成效背後的成本。

傳播規限

根據「BBC中文網」,去年10月8日國家發展和改革委員會公布了《市場准入負面清單(2021年版)》(徵求意見稿)。

這份最新版的負面清單中,禁止進入事項的第六項:「禁止違規開展新聞傳播相關業務」,不准非公有資本在中國從事新聞採編播發業務,非公有資本不得投資設立和經營新聞機構。

2020年版的負面清單只是規定:「非公有資本不得介入互聯網新聞信息採編業務;任何組織不得設立中外合資經營、中外合作經營和外資經營的互聯網新聞信息服務單位」。是次公布的2021版則再經細化為以下六條:

·非公有資本不得從事新聞採編播發業務;

·非公有資本不得投資設立和經營新聞機構,包括但不限於通訊社、報刊出版單位、廣播電視播出機構、廣播電視站以及互聯網新聞信息採編發布服務機構等;

·非公有資本不得經營新聞機構的版面、頻率、頻道、欄目、公眾賬號等;

·非公有資本不得從事涉及政治、經濟、軍事、外交,重大社會、文化、科技、衞生、教育、體育以及其他關係政治方向、輿論導向和價值取向等活動、事件的實況直播業務;

·非公有資本不得引進境外主體發布的新聞;

·非公有資本不得舉辦新聞輿論領域論壇峰會和評獎評選活動。

中國的互聯網企業在傳媒領域有廣泛的布局,不知道這個更為具體的限制會為其帶來如何的衝擊,甚至有不得不退出這敏感行業的風險。事實上,中國政府對媒體的監管有增無已。去年8月有政府背景的中國公司入股字節跳動擁有1%的股權(「黃金股」),中國投資字節跳動的公司名為網球中國北京科技有限公司,該公司又為中國國家機構所擁有。具有國資背景的網球中國在字節跳動擁有一個董事會職位。同樣做法更早之前在微博亦已經出現。以「黃金股」入股的方式,是容許政府對公司的運營有更直接的參與與監管。滴滴出行最近也與北京政府協商,讓政府以黃金股方式入股滴滴,對關鍵營運策略亦有否決權。

除了對互聯網企業的影響之外,這個負面清單若嚴格執行,則會大大壓縮互聯網博客和自媒體的活動空間,並限制有關公共事務的討論。

對中國來說,2021年是監管之年,也是關愛之年,幾乎所有與老百姓息息相關的議題,都得到政府的關顧:從用戶數據安全,企業壟斷行為,教育開支太大,功課壓力,年輕人打機時間過長,有害新聞,以至要求藝人做到德藝雙馨等,一一得到政府的關愛。

 

主要參考:

1. 〈內地監管風暴 震撼資本市場〉,《信報》,2021年12月23日

2. 〈中國嚴控非公資本涉足新聞 最新禁令會否引發行業震盪〉,「BBC中文網」,2021年10月13日

 

趙耀華 港大經管學院副教授
趙就琦 港大經管學院教學助理

(本文同時於二零二二年一月十二日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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