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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
Beware of Pig Butchering Scam

Beware of Pig Butchering Scam

22 Feb 2023
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慎防投資變「殺豬」

典型的加密貨幣騙局通常涉及網上情緣,稱為「殺豬盤」。這個內地網絡流行用語指騙徒利用社交平台尋找行騙對象(「豬」),然後與之建立網上關係(「養豬」),起初以少許回報作為甜頭,最終從受害人身上騙得巨額錢財(「殺豬」)後,就逃之夭夭。

網騙猖獗不止

香港警方於2022年首10個月接獲1309宗網戀騙案【表】,較2021年同期下跌4.6個百分點,但受害人損失款項的總額卻增加近1億元至5.78億元,升幅高達20個百分點。當中有近一半,即638宗同時涉及傳統的投資騙案,金額較2021年同期高出兩成,女性受騙比例由95%跌至80%,男性受害人比例則升。

類似情況亦出現在傳統網上投資騙案,2022年首10個月共錄得1503宗,較2021年同期飆升90%,亦是近4年最多;涉及款項高達7.7億元,較去年同期激增105個百分點,其中個案涉款最高達2000萬元,較情緣騙案多500萬元。

根據警方分析,騙徒犯案手法有所改變,現時有一半騙徒會假扮專業投資者,尤其是虛擬資產與加密貨幣的投資專家,與素未謀面的受害人在網上建立情侶關係,再以「低風險、高回報」的機會,誘使對方進入假冒的投資平台滙款,最終墮入騙局。騙案多屬集團式經營,透過冒充虛擬貨幣交易平台,進行網上情緣、投資、求職等多範疇詐騙,部分成員身處海外,在短期內將騙款滙走,增加警方調查難度。

警方在2023年2月首10天已偵破74宗騙案,涉款1.04億元。其中一宗網絡愛情兼投資騙案,損失高達2700萬元。女事主去年在社交平台認識騙徒並發展成為情侶,騙徒推薦「高回報投資機會」,協助她在虛假投資平台開設戶口,要求事主存款到不同收款戶口,訛稱作投資用,而平台的客服人員會以交稅、收取手續費等藉口,哄騙事主必須先繳額外費用,才可取回本金。

虛擬罪行溫床

有別於傳統網絡詐騙中涉及受到反洗黑錢相關法例嚴格監管的交易,加密貨幣及其託管平台及交易所的法規尚未健全,而世界各地執法機構的應對經驗有待加強,以致騙徒得以乘虛而入。

虛擬貨幣和加密貨幣都並非由中央銀行或政府機構發行的電子貨幣。常見的加密貨幣包括比特幣、以太坊(ETH)、泰達幣(USDT)、幣安幣(BNB)、艾達幣(ADA)等。

初創公司往往利用加密貨幣來賺取較豐厚的利潤。虛擬貨幣則透過區塊鏈技術、複雜的密碼學原理來控制交易,相關資料分散儲存於不同雲端,因此有去中心化的特色。然而,正因為其繁雜性,加密貨幣市場難以監管,一般投資者對虛擬貨幣所知有限,歹徒因而有機可乘。

騙術花樣百出

首次代幣發行(Initial Coin Offering,簡稱ICO):類似股市的新股認購,是一種用於融資和推出新加密貨幣的眾籌方式。

透過發行虛擬貨幣來集資,可減少監管審核,簡化集資流程;但不少投資者為求「搵快錢」,忽略其中風險而受騙。

ICO目前仍不受美國證券交易委員會及各國金融機構監管,受騙者不易追討損失。況且一般人都可以發起ICO,投資者就更無保障。美國聯邦貿易委員會的資料顯示,從2020年10月到2021年3月,加密貨幣騙案受害人數為約7000人,損失金額超過8000萬美元,比2019年同期的數字大幅增加。

加密貨幣詐騙手法層出不窮,維卡幣(OneCoin)創始人伊格納托娃(Ruja Ignatova)就以龐氏騙局伎倆得手而見稱。當局發現原來維卡幣並沒有具備相關的區塊鏈技術,資料庫內容可輕易修改;在全球吸金40多億美元後,這個自稱「加密幣女王」(Cryptoqueen)的主謀於2017年年底開始銷聲匿跡,2022年被美國聯邦調查局列入全球十大通緝犯。

場外交易(over the counter):指買家與賣家私底下的交易。投資者可能因為貪小便宜而與對方進行場外交易,騙徒誘使買方到指定地點進行現金交易,其實搶劫其錢財。由於任何人都可以透過電腦直接與他人交易,買賣過程若使用虛擬貨幣兌換法定貨幣,也就缺乏監管。

撥開虛擬迷霧

虛假網站:不法之徒甚至會偽造一個與知名投資公司同名的應用程式,哄騙受害人以漸進式手法買入加密貨幣,假稱獲利後即誘使他們轉移加密貨幣到其錢包,以小利讓對方泥足深陷。當受害人要求從賬戶中提取利潤,則被要求投入更多資金,才可把賬戶「解凍」。

加密貨幣屬新興虛擬商品,部分投資者或對其前景有所憧憬,但卻不太了解箇中性質、風險、運作及交易方法,加上其匿名性質,難以追蹤資金。

騙徒藉加密貨幣進行勒索、詐騙、網戀騙案、虛假投資等犯罪行徑,更有利於其隱藏身份和洗黑錢。

加密貨幣在香港被視作虛擬商品,欠缺實物或發行人支持,有關投資既不受法律保障,投資者所持有的加密貨幣更有被黑客盜取之虞。由於大部分加密貨幣平台辦事處設於外地,因此不受本港證券及期貨事務監察委員會監管。若加密貨幣平台破產、停止運作或被黑客入侵,投資者亦不受投資者賠償基金所提供的50萬元保障。即使投資者把加密貨幣存於加密貨幣錢包,仍然可能面對技術故障等風險而蒙受損失。一旦遺失私人密碼,就更無法證明其對有關加密貨幣的擁有權,而永遠無從追討一切損失。

一言以蔽之,投資者應只使用可靠、具規模的加密貨幣交易平台和加密貨幣錢包。切勿經非官方App Store的方式,如使用來歷不明的鏈結下載任何加密貨幣交易平台,以防有詐;投資者亦應避免投資於資料不詳或發行公司形跡可疑的加密貨幣。加密貨幣的估值透明度偏低,導致投資不熟悉的加密貨幣風險極高。俗諺有云:「便宜莫貪。」在虛擬世界投資是一門新學問,萬不能掉以輕心。

 

謝國生博士
港大經管學院金融學首席講師

何敏淙先生
香港大學附屬學院講師

(本文同時於二零二三年二月二十二日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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