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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
Are the cultural and creative industries blooming or languishing in Hong Kong?

Are the cultural and creative industries blooming or languishing in Hong Kong?

10 May 2023
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香港創意 繁花似錦還是綠肥紅瘦?

筆者兩個月前在本欄撰文〈香江失健筆,本港缺奇才〉,論及香港文藝界花果飄零,創意行業難以振興。一些朋友頗有微詞,責怪筆者沒由來的悲觀。過去兩月,各種藝術節、文化節、展覽會、音樂會接踵而至,乃至五一黃金周前的美食市集、全港戲院日,無不四處人頭湧動,足見本地文藝文化產業活力十足。筆者自問:錯否,錯否?繁花似錦,卻道綠肥紅瘦!

消費聚集並非生產溢出

帶着自我反省的心態,筆者求教多位創意行業的資深人士。毫無異議的一點是,過去幾年西九文化區的興建,既滿足市民的文化需求,又讓外地人多了一個前來旅遊甚至落戶的理由,確實給文化產業留下可圈可點的一筆。而其中大多數所認同的是,香港作為亞洲文化藝術珍品的一大交匯地,在歷經疫情的衝擊之後,活力又回來了。最明顯的是3月下旬回歸灣仔會議展覽中心的巴塞爾藝術展,展品豐富高端,觀眾反應熱烈,藏家歡欣踴躍,足見特區在亞洲藝術市場的地位。

另一方面,一些行內人士則向筆者大吐苦水,香港作為一個中國當代藝術渴望與世界接軌的橋頭堡,其創作者卻如履薄冰,舉步維艱。這些年的商業導向以及政策指引,都意圖讓香港跟從藝術與科技互相結合的世界潮流。這對追逐商業利益無可厚非,但在培育本土藝術上卻是徒勞,甚至激發反作用,導致本地藝術家的內在創意始終發揮不出,整個藝術產業後勁不足。

近幾年的藝術節,每每臨近尾聲,賓客已心生疲憊之意,而曲終人散之後,則讓主人心生虛無。內地一些朋友與筆者提起廣州交易會時,也是如此一般的心態。

筆者由此領悟,香港創意產業儘管在消費上繁花似錦,但在生產上卻是綠肥紅瘦。消費聚集,關乎金錢和人氣,生產溢出,則關乎生態和人才。這與科技發展同一道理,大灣區的需求導向型創新模式,比起矽谷生產溢出型的模式,底氣難免不足。

需求管理難成城市名片

香港經濟走的是需求帶動的道路,但卻又面臨本身市場狹小的困境。一到假期,香港的商家便翹首以待內地遊客到來,當訪客數量不如預期,便心生被拋棄的失落。

儘管筆者不是自幼扎根於此的港人,但聽到「沒有外來客,香港什麼都不是」的晦氣話,不免心酸憤慨。香港如果一味地為需求左右,在供大於求、內捲劇烈的今天,就難逃被輕視的命運。

當務之急是重新打造一枚具有鮮明特色和自我意識的城市名片。中國內地的北京、西安,日本的東京、京都等千年古都,歷史的沉澱賦予它們與眾不同的吸引力。像香港這樣的新興都會,缺乏歷史的錘煉和文化的厚重,只能不斷地挖掘自身的特色和優勢,努力塑造屬於自己的個性。昔日香港作為現代粵語都市文化的締造者,其文化特性自然而然地受到內外認可。

如今,在全球化的浪潮中,區域性文化萎縮,雖然香港仍然是粵語文化的鮮明代表,但這一文化印記所能產生的經濟驅動力大打折扣。如果想要借城市名片來撬動文化創意產業,香港不得不另闢蹊徑。

一些人把打造香港城市新名片的希望寄於西九文化區的興起,但就目前看來,無論是視覺文化博物館M+,還是展示國寶級文物的香港故宮文化博物館,滿足本地和遊客消費有餘,營造國際聲譽不足。在亞洲金融市場上,香港的主要競爭對手是新加坡,而在藝術市場和創意行業,則必須對標東京和首爾。否則,創意行業作為香港經濟增長點的藍圖,恐怕難以實施到位。

釋放本港供給促增長

近年有種批評聲音,認為特區政府對創意行業的扶持不夠。筆者以為,這類意見有失偏頗。2009年,曾蔭權政府首次把文化及創意產業列入香港六大優勢產業,同年6月成立的「創意香港」一直是政府的工作重點。

2018年,本港文化和創意產業的增長約1180億元,就業人數約21.7萬。對本地生產總值和就業率的貢獻而言,文創產業在六項優勢產業中首屈一指。新冠疫情期間,創意行業徘徊不前,主要是市場需求萎縮、營運環境變差以及人才流失所造成,跟政府扶持力度關係不大。

希望政府猛力注資發展產業,跟要求派發消費券一樣,本質上是需求管理的思路,只能緩解燃眉之急;尋求長期發展,重心必須轉到供給上。與需求管理的大水漫灌不同,供給管理講求四兩撥千斤,一是借助關鍵資源,引發滾雪球效應,二是創造正面界外效應,形成溢出影響。這兩點都離不開營造開放自由的社會環境,充分釋放民間的力量。

比如藝術品交易一環,在整個文化創意產業的比重僅次於電玩遊戲。根據2021年統計資料,香港藝術品市場佔據全球藝術品交易量的16%,在亞洲獨佔鰲頭。這得益於特區藏富於民,有着豐富的本土藏家,從而吸引大批國際藏家來港。疫情肆虐3年以來,香港的畫廊在本地藏家的支持下不減反增,自發形成的藝術社群也此起彼伏,藝術創造的星星之火綿綿不絕。

說起香港民間的文化精神,筆者不由想起余英時對其師錢穆創辦新亞書院的一段雋永回憶。新亞書院初創,搬入深水埗桂林街,校舍簡陋,環境惡劣。錢先生勞力勞心,一年暑假犯了嚴重的胃潰瘍,一個人孤零零地躺在教室地上養病,對前來看望的余英時說,內心只想讀王陽明的文集;余先生趕緊跑去商務印書館買來一部。這是何等的人文情懷!也是發展文藝創意產業不可或缺的精神。

 

吳延暉博士
港大經管學院經濟學、管理及商業策略副教授

(本文同時於二零二三年五月十日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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