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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
Analysing Big Oil Windfall Profits Tax

Analysing Big Oil Windfall Profits Tax

20 Jul 2022
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剖析石油暴利稅

過去一年,油價升勢不止。繼歐洲聯盟委員會於3月8日建議各國政府可就能源企業的收入進行徵稅後,美國國會上月推動對石油巨企開徵「石油暴利稅」(Big Oil Windfall Profits Tax),總統經濟顧問Bharat Ramamurti提出應考慮徵收此稅的建議,拜登更公開批評埃克森美孚「今年賺錢多過上帝」(made more money than God this year)。

歐美加稅來由

無獨有偶,英國政府已於5月26日宣布,未來3年將向石油和天然氣企業徵收25%的能源利潤稅,同期出台一項150億英鎊的計劃,向難以承擔能源費用的家庭提供經濟支援【註】。自能源價格開始飆升以來,保加利亞、意大利、羅馬尼亞、西班牙等國已經對能源業加徵新稅。

正當世界經濟從疫情中逐漸恢復,西方國家對俄羅斯經濟制裁,導致能源價格急升,隨之而來的是嚴重的通貨膨脹。美國剛剛公布了6月的通貨膨脹,較去年同期大增9.1%,是自1981年11月以來最大增幅。歐羅區的通貨膨脹率也較去年上升8.6%;該區能源消費價格指數則已達1996年有紀錄以來的最高水平。美國每加侖的汽油平均價自2020年至今年的升幅多達60%,對民眾的生活無疑是雪上加霜,窮人尤甚。這無疑是多國政府針對石油和天然氣巨企徵收暴利稅的一個主要原因。

決策中西有別

中國內地也有類似徵稅,名為「石油特別收益金」,即國內原油銷售價格超過一定水平之際,國家就按一定比例,對石油開採企業銷售原油所獲的超額收入加徵稅收。2015年,財政部將特別收益金起徵點提高到65美元,實行五級超額累進【表】。

石油特別收益金可以協調石油行業內部上下游利益。當原油價格高漲,對上游企業徵收特別收益金,其所得的部分利潤將調節至下游企業,均衡行業內利益分配,可以避免將原油成本轉嫁給消費者。

和英美及歐洲各國現在推出的暴利稅不同,中國的石油企業是否需要繳納特別收益金,以及繳納的數額,皆取決於原油價格,因此,相關企業大多可以做到預先籌謀。但西方近期的暴利稅則由國會或者立法機構提出,法例內容和徵收辦法受議員的經濟觀點與政治取向所影響,能源業難以事先估計。

「暴利」從何說起

居高不下的能源價格固然已為消費者帶來沉重負擔,但因此而決定徵收「石油暴利稅」是否合適呢?

所謂「暴利稅」,英文是Windfall tax,Windfall指一大筆不勞而獲的橫財,然而石油企業的「暴利」真的是不勞而獲嗎?石油行業生意得以好轉,乃是今年全球經濟復甦後出現的現象。事實上,包括石油行業在內的大多數行業,前兩年的業績都極為慘淡。2020年5月的紐約期油價格一度跌至每桶-40.32美元,為史上首次油價跌至負數。經營一盤生意,總難免有高低起跌,政府在石油業好景的時候對其徵收暴利稅,那麼在行業深陷谷底之時,又會否打算為其提供補貼呢?

若石油企業生意轉佳,就向其收取臨時特別收益金;如果製藥企業成功推出醫治2019冠狀病毒病的疫苗,獲得了超額利潤,是否也應對其加徵疫苗暴利稅?

正如前述,最近石油價格高漲,是受全球經濟復甦和俄烏戰爭影響所致;但更重要的是資本不願意流向化石能源行業,這會導致未來原油價格長期偏高。國際能源署(International Energy Agency)提供5年來全球能源投資狀況【圖1】,能源投資從2017年漸趨下降。

此外,國際能源組織將2022年與2019年主要石油和天然氣公司的投資變化作一比較【圖2】。各國主要石油和天然氣公司都降低了對傳統石油和天然氣活動的投資。

當前各國紛紛提倡以綠色能源取代化石能源。荷蘭法院下令要求荷蘭皇家蜆殼(Royal Dutch Shell)在2030年前將全球淨碳排放量減少45%。今年4月,Global Witness and Oil Change International發表研究報告,預期國際能源巨企蜆殼、埃克森美孚、俄羅斯天然氣公司Gazprom等會投入8570億歐羅於石油、天然氣開發。企業除了備受批評,聯合國秘書長古特雷斯(Antonio Guterres)亦加以評論:投資在新的天然汽油田油井,是道德上和經濟上的瘋狂(moral and economic madness)。

問題癥結所在

一方面批評石油企業不增加供應,另一方面又挑剔其增產投資破壞環保,這不是有點自相矛盾嗎?

其實,近期所謂的「油價飆升」,是否確切無誤?經濟學家克魯明(Paul Krugman)6月29日於推文中指出,近期油價雖較前幾年高,也不過是達到歷史高位。【圖3】中,縱軸是油價佔消費物價的百分點(100×油價/消費物價指數),以實際價格計算。藍色曲線顯示變化趨勢,紅線則是最近的指數。

油價雖自2020年起一直攀升,但仍未觸及20年來的歷史最高位。克魯明認為,真正值得思考的是,近10年來的燃油價格為什麼偏低,而非油價現在為何偏高。

【註】:《歐洲多國競相開徵能源「暴利稅」》,中國新聞網,2022年6月4日

【表】:資料來源:百度百科

參考文獻:

1. Fossil fuel firms set to spend more than 800bn on new oil and gas fields by 2030. Green News

2. IEA, Global energy investment, 2017-2022, IEA, Paris

3. Krugman, Paul, Twitter post

 

趙耀華博士
港大經管學院經濟學副教授

趙就琦博士
港大經管學院教學助理

(本文同時於二零二二年七月二十日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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