logo
  • Global Presence
  • About Us
        • About us about us
        • A Premier Business School in Asia with Global Influence
        • Overview
          • Message from the Dean
          • Vision & Mission
          • Milestones
          • Partnerships & Global Network
          • Beta Gamma Sigma HKU Chapter
          • Rankings & Accreditations
          • Corporate Collaboration
        • Leadership
          • Faculty Management
          • International Advisory Council
        • Our Stories
        • Contact Us
        • Staff Portal
        • Campuses
  • Programmes
        • Programmes programmes
        • Diversified Learning Experience Empowers our Students
        • Undergraduate
        • Masters
          • MAA
          • MAcct
          • MCGRM
          • MEcon
          • MFWM
          • MFin
          • MFFinTech
          • MGM
          • MSAF
          • MSc(BA)
          • MScMktg
          • MWM
        • MBAs & EMBAs
          • MBA
          • IMBA
          • HKU EMBA
        • PhD
        • Executive Education
        • DBA
  • People
        • People people
        • International Faculty Body that Offers Quality Education
        • Faculty
        • Post-Doctoral Fellows
        • Demonstrators/ Teaching Assistants
        • Research Postgraduate Students
        • Administration
  • Research
        • Research research
        • Lead the Frontier of Knowledge Creation
        • Thought Leadership
          • Latest Research Publications
          • HKEJ Column
          • FT Chinese Column
          • In the Media
        • Academic Areas
        • Faculty Members
        • Research Grants
        • Seminars & Conferences
          • Edward K Y Chen Distinguished Lecture Series
        • Research Centres & Institutes
        • Hong Kong Macroeconomics Forecast
        • HKU Knowledge Exchange
        • HKU Scholars Hub
        • Shenzhen Research Institutes
  • Events
  • Media
        • Media media
        • Inspire the Society and Community with Rigorous Insights
        • School News
        • In the Media
        • Press Release
  • Career
        • Career career
        • Fostering Strategic Partnerships and Talent Development
        • Recruit our Talents
        • Student Career Development
        • Career Opportunities
          • Faculty Recruitments
          • HKU Career Site
  • 繁
  • 简
Type To Search
logo
Type To Search
  • Global Presence
  • About Us
        • About us about us
        • A Premier Business School in Asia with Global Influence
        • Overview
          • Message from the Dean
          • Vision & Mission
          • Milestones
          • Partnerships & Global Network
          • Beta Gamma Sigma HKU Chapter
          • Rankings & Accreditations
          • Corporate Collaboration
        • Leadership
          • Faculty Management
          • International Advisory Council
        • Our Stories
        • Contact Us
        • Staff Portal
        • Campuses
  • Programmes
        • Programmes programmes
        • Diversified Learning Experience Empowers our Students
        • Undergraduate
        • Masters
          • MAA
          • MAcct
          • MCGRM
          • MEcon
          • MFWM
          • MFin
          • MFFinTech
          • MGM
          • MSAF
          • MSc(BA)
          • MScMktg
          • MWM
        • MBAs & EMBAs
          • MBA
          • IMBA
          • HKU EMBA
        • PhD
        • Executive Education
        • DBA
  • People
        • People people
        • International Faculty Body that Offers Quality Education
        • Faculty
        • Post-Doctoral Fellows
        • Demonstrators/ Teaching Assistants
        • Research Postgraduate Students
        • Administration
  • Research
        • Research research
        • Lead the Frontier of Knowledge Creation
        • Thought Leadership
          • Latest Research Publications
          • HKEJ Column
          • FT Chinese Column
          • In the Media
        • Academic Areas
        • Faculty Members
        • Research Grants
        • Seminars & Conferences
          • Edward K Y Chen Distinguished Lecture Series
        • Research Centres & Institutes
        • Hong Kong Macroeconomics Forecast
        • HKU Knowledge Exchange
        • HKU Scholars Hub
        • Shenzhen Research Institutes
  • Events
  • Media
        • Media media
        • Inspire the Society and Community with Rigorous Insights
        • School News
        • In the Media
        • Press Release
  • Career
        • Career career
        • Fostering Strategic Partnerships and Talent Development
        • Recruit our Talents
        • Student Career Development
        • Career Opportunities
          • Faculty Recruitments
          • HKU Career Site
港大經管學院
  • Global Presence
  • About Us
    • Overview
      • Message from the Dean
      • Vision & Mission
      • Milestones
      • Partnerships & Global Network
      • Beta Gamma Sigma HKU Chapter
      • Rankings & Accreditations
      • Corporate Collaboration
    • Leadership
      • Faculty Management
      • International Advisory Council
    • Our Stories
    • Contact Us
    • Staff Portal
    • Campuses
  • Programmes
    • Undergraduate
    • Masters
      • MAA
      • MAcct
      • MCGRM
      • MEcon
      • MFWM
      • MFin
      • MFFinTech
      • MGM
      • MSAF
      • MSc(BA)
      • MScMktg
      • MWM
    • MBAs & EMBAs
      • MBA
      • IMBA
      • HKU EMBA
    • DBA
    • PhD
    • Executive Education
  • People
    • Faculty
    • Post-Doctoral Fellows
    • Demonstrators/ Teaching Assistants
    • Research Postgraduate Students
    • Administration
  • Research
    • Thought Leadership
      • Latest Research Publications
      • HKEJ Column
      • FT Chinese Column
      • In the Media
    • Academic Areas
    • Faculty Members
    • Research Grants
    • Seminars & Conferences
      • Edward K Y Chen Distinguished Lecture Series
    • Research Centres & Institutes
    • Hong Kong Macroeconomics Forecast
    • HKU Knowledge Exchange
    • HKU Scholars Hub
    • Shenzhen Research Institutes
  • Events
  • Media
    • School News
    • In the Media
    • Press Release
  • Career
    • Recruit our Talents
    • Student Career Development
    • Career Opportunities
      • Faculty Recruitments
      • HKU Career Site

HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column

A Behavioural Economics Analysis of Marathon Finishing Times Using Big Data

19 Sep 2018
Share on TwitterShare on FacebookShare on WhatsappShare on LinkedInShare on Email
馬拉松大數據 行為經濟分析

2018年柏林馬拉松剛在上星期日舉行(9月16日),圓滿結束。肯雅選手Eliud Kipchoge打破世界馬拉松紀錄,以2:01:39(2小時1分39秒)跑畢全程42.195公里。新紀錄比上一次紀錄快1分18秒(該紀錄保持者是另一位肯雅選手Dennis Kimetto)。

柏林馬拉松賽道被譽為全世界最快馬拉松賽道,最近7次世界紀錄均在柏林馬拉松創造。此外,柏林馬拉松是世界六大馬拉松之一,其餘五大為東京、波士頓、倫敦、芝加哥和紐約市馬拉松。

「渣打香港馬拉松」(跑友暱稱為「渣馬」)是國際田聯認可的金級道路賽事。「渣馬2019」將於2019年2月17日舉行,當天共有7項賽事:馬拉松、半馬拉松(21.0975公里)、10公里、10公里輪椅賽、3公里輪椅賽、少年跑(2.2公里)和家庭跑(1公里);以上7項賽事參賽者名額分別為22500、19500、32000、20、50、1000和3000。雖然首三項主要賽事(馬拉松、半馬拉松、10公里)名額不少,但本地跑友眾多,能夠成功報名的也非易事。「渣馬2017」首次採用抽籤報名機制,代替沿用多年的先到先得方法,安排較為明智。

首次參加馬拉松(42.195公里),目標很可能只是在比賽時限內完成賽事(渣馬2019 時限為6小時)。完成賽事後,參賽者心情想必十分複雜:既為能成功征服長途賽程而高興,又不禁質疑為何要令身體承受不必要的痛楚,甚至受傷?跑友常說:「沒有奇蹟,只有累積」,亦即跑馬拉松講求訓練有素。有人完成初馬後甚至誓言不再參賽,可見他們心情如何複雜而矛盾,雖然其中不少人後來都成為馬拉松愛好者(渣馬馬拉松參賽人數每年持續上升)。

大數據時代特點

完成初馬後,不少跑友開始對自己有所要求,而定下完賽時間目標,常以整點內(如4小時內或跑友所謂sub 4)或半點內(如3.5小時內或sub 3:30)為準;目標通常是sub 6、sub 5:30、sub 5、sub 4:30、sub 4、sub 3:30、以至sub 3。

業餘跑手達到sub 3已可算甚高水平,對一般跑友而言已算極限。香港現役馬拉松選手徐志堅在剛落幕的柏林馬拉松打破香港華人馬拉松紀錄,新紀錄為2:24:43(「鳴槍時間」),而「晶片時間」是 2:24:38。對上一次紀錄2:24:52由吳師傅吳輝揚保持超過26年;吳師傅是終身運動好榜樣,現在仍然活躍參與長跑賽事。

現代馬拉松比賽採用晶片計時,是一種無線射頻識別技術。初時所有參賽者每人均獲發一枚晶片,以供自行繫於鞋帶上,但如今晶片大都預先附在號碼布上,供參賽者佩戴在身上以資識別,並能準確計算參賽者全程所花實際時間,亦即所謂「晶片時間」。

晶片時間有別於「鳴槍時間」,後者由大會鳴槍一刻開始計時。除非起跑時在起跑線上,否則晶片時間慢於鳴槍時間。大型馬拉松比賽參賽人數數以萬計,晶片時間比鳴槍時間慢超過10分鐘甚為普遍。

隨着馬拉松賽事日漸普遍,馬拉松賽事數目和馬拉松參賽人數兩者都持續上升,加上馬拉松賽事現時大多採用晶片計時,馬拉松亦進入大數據時代。

4位行為經濟學家(Allen、Dechow、Pope和Wu)進行一項馬拉松完成時間大數據研究,當中包括接近1000萬個完成時間。他們明白跑友心理,從大數據中研究完成時間在整點內(如sub 4)是否有特別之處。他們證實完成時間明顯集中在整點前4分鐘內(如3:56:00-3:59:59);在完成時間半點內,他們也得到相同的結果:完成時間明顯集中在半點前4分鐘內(如3:26:00-3:29:59)。

完成長途賽關鍵

他們更運用先進的方法,以「反事實分析」(counterfactual analysis),進一步量化以上研究結果。根據他們的估算,完成時間在整點內一般比完成時間在半點內較為集中,而最明顯的是sub 3。為了sub 3,可以令sub 3完成者「增加」24.2%。

以同一方法,他們估算sub 4、sub 5、sub 6完成者分別「增加」13%、5.5%和3.2%;而sub 3:30、sub 4:30、sub 5:30完成者分別「增加」10.8%、4.5%、2.1%(注意,以上估算純屬根據他們的數據和反事實分析的結果)。

長跑,尤其是馬拉松,講求平均配速。除了馬拉松完成時間,上述4位行為經濟學家亦分析馬拉松分段時間,當中包括10公里分段、半馬拉松分段、30公里分段和40公里分段時間。以4小時馬拉松完成時間為例,10公里平均配速、半馬拉松平均配速、30公里平均配速、40公里平均配速分段時間,分別為56.88、120、170.64、227.52分鐘。他們證實分段時間明顯集中在整點或半點平均配速內;這結果確認平均配速的重要性。

跑馬拉松做到平均配速已經不易,更理想是在跑完40公里後稍為提速,做到後半分段比前半分段還要快,亦即所謂「負分段」(negative split)。但理論歸理論,實際上到底有差別。

4位行為經濟學家發現,馬拉松參賽者在最後2.195公里路程內跌速十分普遍,其中包括在整點內和半點內完成者;雖然整點內和半點內完成者也在最後2.195公里跌速,但他們力保不失,跌速比其他完成者少。

綜合以上結果,他們得出以下結論。雖然大多數成功在整點內或半點內完成馬拉松的跑手做不到負分段,但在前40公里平均配速和在最後2.195公里路程內力保不失,減少跌速,有助不少跑手完成心願。

各位讀者、跑友若對上述研究感興趣,不妨參閱以下文章:Reference-Dependent Preferences: Evidence from Marathon Runners, Management Science, Vol. 63, No. 6, June 2017, pp. 1657-1672。

程騰歡 香港大學經濟及工商管理學院副教授、南區長跑會前主席
(本文同時於二零一八年九月十九日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)​

A Review of Development in Mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau9 Jan 2019
Trending
Innovation Strategy Common Ground – from Poverty Alleviation to International Web3 Centre
Innovation Strategy Common Ground – from Poverty Alleviation to International Web3 Centre
Prof. Joseph CHAN
Hong Kong has long been successful in its four pillar industries, comprising trading and logistics, financial services, professional and producer services and tourism. According to the research by the HK government, they contributed close to 60% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and almost half of the total employment before COVID. However, all these four pillars have encountered the decline in their respective area – resulting from the rapid change in market need & user behavior, regional and global competition, the development in new value-chain and advanced technology, as well as geo-political environment. As a solution, ‘innovation’ has been introduced to address these pain-points of Hong Kong. The question to ask, how should we develop the innovation strategies – instead of coming up ideas for the sake of ‘innovation’? In this article, we will discuss how innovation strategy could be approached from the perspective of poverty alleviation to Web3 industry development – two topics sound not-related, but their common ground might give us the insight on how we could find the development path of Hong Kong.
14 May 2025
Faculty
Gambling with Tariffs: A Losing Proposition for All
Gambling with Tariffs: A Losing Proposition for All
Dr. Maurice K.S. TSE
關稅豪賭  只有輸家 國際貨幣基金組織在上月發表的《世界經濟展望》,將全球經濟增長預測從今年 1 月的 3.3% 顯著調低至 2.8%。報告指出,中國和印度將成為推動全球經濟增長的主要動力,預計未來5年貢獻比例分別為 23%和超過15%;而美國因其關稅政策的不確定性,對全球經濟的貢獻率遭下調至 11.3%。
7 May 2025
Faculty
0HKU_1881_2019
About Author
Prof. Stephen CHING

Associate Professor

Sign up for upcoming news and events
LinkedIn WeChat Instagram Facebook Weibo Twitter YouTube

©2025, HKU Business School. All Rights Reserved. | Privacy Policy | Web Accessibility Statement