logo
  • Global Presence
  • About Us
        • About us about us
        • A Premier Business School in Asia with Global Influence
        • Overview
          • Message from the Dean
          • Vision & Mission
          • Milestones
          • Partnerships & Global Network
          • Beta Gamma Sigma HKU Chapter
          • Rankings & Accreditations
          • Corporate Collaboration
        • Leadership
          • Faculty Management
          • International Advisory Council
        • Our Stories
        • Contact Us
        • Staff Portal
        • Campuses
  • Programmes
        • Programmes programmes
        • Diversified Learning Experience Empowers our Students
        • Undergraduate
        • Masters
          • MAA
          • MAcct
          • MCGRM
          • MEcon
          • MFWM
          • MFin
          • MFFinTech
          • MGM
          • MSAF
          • MSc(BA)
          • MScMktg
          • MWM
        • MBAs & EMBAs
          • MBA
          • IMBA
          • HKU EMBA
        • PhD
        • Executive Education
        • DBA
  • People
        • People people
        • International Faculty Body that Offers Quality Education
        • Faculty
        • Post-Doctoral Fellows
        • Demonstrators/ Teaching Assistants
        • Research Postgraduate Students
        • Administration
  • Research
        • Research research
        • Lead the Frontier of Knowledge Creation
        • Thought Leadership
          • Latest Research Publications
          • HKEJ Column
          • FT Chinese Column
          • In the Media
        • Academic Areas
        • Faculty Members
        • Research Grants
        • Seminars & Conferences
          • Edward K Y Chen Distinguished Lecture Series
        • Research Centres & Institutes
        • Hong Kong Macroeconomics Forecast
        • HKU Knowledge Exchange
        • HKU Scholars Hub
        • Shenzhen Research Institutes
  • Events
  • Media
        • Media media
        • Inspire the Society and Community with Rigorous Insights
        • School News
        • In the Media
        • Press Release
  • Career
        • Career career
        • Fostering Strategic Partnerships and Talent Development
        • Recruit our Talents
        • Student Career Development
        • Career Opportunities
          • Faculty Recruitments
          • HKU Career Site
  • 繁
  • 简
Type To Search
logo
Type To Search
  • Global Presence
  • About Us
        • About us about us
        • A Premier Business School in Asia with Global Influence
        • Overview
          • Message from the Dean
          • Vision & Mission
          • Milestones
          • Partnerships & Global Network
          • Beta Gamma Sigma HKU Chapter
          • Rankings & Accreditations
          • Corporate Collaboration
        • Leadership
          • Faculty Management
          • International Advisory Council
        • Our Stories
        • Contact Us
        • Staff Portal
        • Campuses
  • Programmes
        • Programmes programmes
        • Diversified Learning Experience Empowers our Students
        • Undergraduate
        • Masters
          • MAA
          • MAcct
          • MCGRM
          • MEcon
          • MFWM
          • MFin
          • MFFinTech
          • MGM
          • MSAF
          • MSc(BA)
          • MScMktg
          • MWM
        • MBAs & EMBAs
          • MBA
          • IMBA
          • HKU EMBA
        • PhD
        • Executive Education
        • DBA
  • People
        • People people
        • International Faculty Body that Offers Quality Education
        • Faculty
        • Post-Doctoral Fellows
        • Demonstrators/ Teaching Assistants
        • Research Postgraduate Students
        • Administration
  • Research
        • Research research
        • Lead the Frontier of Knowledge Creation
        • Thought Leadership
          • Latest Research Publications
          • HKEJ Column
          • FT Chinese Column
          • In the Media
        • Academic Areas
        • Faculty Members
        • Research Grants
        • Seminars & Conferences
          • Edward K Y Chen Distinguished Lecture Series
        • Research Centres & Institutes
        • Hong Kong Macroeconomics Forecast
        • HKU Knowledge Exchange
        • HKU Scholars Hub
        • Shenzhen Research Institutes
  • Events
  • Media
        • Media media
        • Inspire the Society and Community with Rigorous Insights
        • School News
        • In the Media
        • Press Release
  • Career
        • Career career
        • Fostering Strategic Partnerships and Talent Development
        • Recruit our Talents
        • Student Career Development
        • Career Opportunities
          • Faculty Recruitments
          • HKU Career Site
港大經管學院
  • Global Presence
  • About Us
    • Overview
      • Message from the Dean
      • Vision & Mission
      • Milestones
      • Partnerships & Global Network
      • Beta Gamma Sigma HKU Chapter
      • Rankings & Accreditations
      • Corporate Collaboration
    • Leadership
      • Faculty Management
      • International Advisory Council
    • Our Stories
    • Contact Us
    • Staff Portal
    • Campuses
  • Programmes
    • Undergraduate
    • Masters
      • MAA
      • MAcct
      • MCGRM
      • MEcon
      • MFWM
      • MFin
      • MFFinTech
      • MGM
      • MSAF
      • MSc(BA)
      • MScMktg
      • MWM
    • MBAs & EMBAs
      • MBA
      • IMBA
      • HKU EMBA
    • DBA
    • PhD
    • Executive Education
  • People
    • Faculty
    • Post-Doctoral Fellows
    • Demonstrators/ Teaching Assistants
    • Research Postgraduate Students
    • Administration
  • Research
    • Thought Leadership
      • Latest Research Publications
      • HKEJ Column
      • FT Chinese Column
      • In the Media
    • Academic Areas
    • Faculty Members
    • Research Grants
    • Seminars & Conferences
      • Edward K Y Chen Distinguished Lecture Series
    • Research Centres & Institutes
    • Hong Kong Macroeconomics Forecast
    • HKU Knowledge Exchange
    • HKU Scholars Hub
    • Shenzhen Research Institutes
  • Events
  • Media
    • School News
    • In the Media
    • Press Release
  • Career
    • Recruit our Talents
    • Student Career Development
    • Career Opportunities
      • Faculty Recruitments
      • HKU Career Site

FT Chinese Column

Home Research Thought Leadership FT Chinese Column
The Rise of Alternative Data: Credit Market Analysis in the AI Era

The Rise of Alternative Data: Credit Market Analysis in the AI Era

17 Apr 2025
Share on TwitterShare on FacebookShare on WhatsappShare on LinkedInShare on Email

另類數據隱患:AI時代下的信貸市場

大數據正深刻改變我們生活的各個層面,金融信貸市場亦不例外。以Upstart爲例,這個運用人工智能技術賦能金融信貸的領先者,充分利用各類另類數據來支持信貸審批過程。當中包括借款人的工作經歷、教育背景和專業等信息,甚至涉及借款人的行爲數據,如申請貸款的時間、申請金額以及他們如何找到該貸款産品。這些數據在提升信貸模型的預測能力方面至關重要。正如Upstart首席執行官Dave Girouard所指,Upstart的信貸模型與傳統模型相比,不但通過率高,而且利率低,讓更多消費者能够獲得信貸【註1】。在中國,近年同樣涌現一批利用大數據和人工智能技術進行信貸審批的公司,螞蟻金服和騰訊金融便是最佳例子。

借貸能力對消費者至關重要,而使用市場中海量數據的行爲也引起了監管者的高度關注。早在2019年,美國國會就召開了聽證會,探討在信貸市場中使用另類數據,能否提升獲得信貸的機會【註2】。歐盟則在2018年全面實施《通用數據保護條例》,設定數據使用的基本原則。2021年,歐盟進一步推進針對消費者信貸的修正條例,旨在更有效地規範信貸市場中如何收集和使用數據【註3】。

總體而言,這些數據法規在于提升數據收集和使用的透明度,規範幷限制使用特定數據,同時明確數據所有權,從而賦予借款人更多的數據權利。這些監管措施真的可以保護借款人的權益,幷有效規範借貸市場嗎?

筆者認爲,在當前網絡借貸市場中,一個不可忽視的現象是借款者會積極響應貸款者的數據收集方式。例如,當借款者瞭解到貸款者可能認爲蘋果手機用戶更有可能按時還款時,他們或許會在申請貸款時特意更換手機。實際上,人工智能技術不僅賦能貸款方,借款者同樣可以利用相同的技術來美化其信貸資料。例如,ChatGPT的黑化版本FraudGPT能够生成虛假身份和財務報表,爲借款者提供了篡改數據的機會。這種互動對貸款者的數據收集産生什麽影響?對數據監管又帶來什麽樣的挑戰?

筆者發現,當貸款方意識到收集更多數據或會引致借款者增加數據篡改行爲時,它們可能會自我限制數據收集。這一策略削弱了借款者篡改數據的動機,從而提高貸款方收集數據的質量,幷增加貸款利潤。因此,即使政策幷未限制貸款者收集數據,貸款方仍會主動限制其數據收集。

更加反直覺的是,提升數據收集和使用透明度的法律法規,不僅不會約束貸款方,反而能够幫助他們提高利潤。設想一下,即使貸款方單方面聲稱會限制數據使用,借款人實際上無法監察,便無法相信這一承諾。在這情况下,只要借款人認爲貸款方的數據收集水平有限,從而不進行過度的數據篡改,貸款方就可能悄悄增加數據收集,進而在提升利潤的同時避免引發更多的數據篡改行爲。

此外,當前的數據法規强調消費者的數據所有權,借款者有權决定是否允許貸款者在貸款審核中使用其另類數據。筆者的研究發現,讓借款者自主决定分享數據與否,不僅有利于那些對隱私較爲敏感幷選擇不分享數據的借款者,同時也惠及那些相對不敏感且願意分享數據的借款者【註4】。在這種情况下,以前通過積極篡改數據獲得貸款的借款者與注重隱私的借款者能够幷存,從而增加了前者的獲得信貸的機會。

註1: IPO: letter from our co-founder & CEO, Dave Girouard (2020), https://info.upstart.com/ipo-letter.
註2:Examining the use of alternative data in underwriting and credit scoring to expand access to credit (2019), US Government Publishing Office, https://www.congress.gov/116/chrg/CHRG-116hhrg40160/CHRG-116hhrg40160.pdf.
註3:European Commission (2021), The Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on Consumer Credits, European Commission Brussels COM(2021) 347 final.
註4:Rajan, U. and Xiong Y., (2025), Data Regulation in Credit Markets,
Available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=5064460

本文基于港大經管學院副教授(會計及法學、金融學)熊琰與美國密歇根大學史蒂芬·羅斯商學院Uday Rajan教授共同撰寫的工作論文“Data Regulation in Credit Markets” (信貸市場中的數據監管)。

熊琰教授
港大經管學院會計及法學、金融學副教授

(本文同時于二零二五年四月十七日載于《FT中文網》「明德商論」專欄)

Can Dynamic Pricing Be a Win-Win for Tackling Gaming Addiction?3 Apr 2024
Silver Lining of Trade War 2.0 for the Chinese Economy1 May 2025
Trending
Silver Lining of Trade War 2.0 for the Chinese Economy
Silver Lining of Trade War 2.0 for the Chinese Economy
Prof. Heiwai TANG
Will consumers pay more because of double tariffs from China due to the trade war? Prof. Heiwai Tang, Associate Dean of HKU Business School and Director of the Asia Global Institute, offered his perspective on how the trade war has placed foreign companies in China at the centre of a double-tariff squeeze. He was included in a Financial Times article on the broader implications for businesses and economies worldwide.
1 May 2025
Can Dynamic Pricing Be a Win-Win for Tackling Gaming Addiction?
Can Dynamic Pricing Be a Win-Win for Tackling Gaming Addiction?
Prof. Xiao LEIProf. Feng TIAN
As millions worldwide are addicted to video games, governments and organizations are actively taking measures to curb this trend. Our research suggests that dynamic pricing can help solve the problem of gaming addiction.
3 Apr 2024
Yan XIONG
About Author
Prof. Yan XIONG

Associate Professor

Sign up for upcoming news and events
LinkedIn WeChat Instagram Facebook Weibo Twitter YouTube

©2025, HKU Business School. All Rights Reserved. | Privacy Policy | Web Accessibility Statement