本文研究资本品进口和中间品进口对促进企业生产率增长的不同效果,并量化分析关税结构对发展中国家贸易自由化的重要性。团队经过审视大量中国制造企业的数据,证明相比中间品进口,资本品进口能更大的提升企业生产率。虽然两类进口都能即时提高进口企业的生产率,但唯独资本品进口能产生动态生产力效应。另一方面,我们发现资本品进口和研究开发有显著的协同效应和诱导效应:资本品进口不仅能和研究开发协同产生更大的生产率效应,而且更能诱导更多的研究开发。但未有证据证明中间品进口也能产生类似效果。团队还研究了中国因加入世界贸易组织而下调投入品进口关税对企业生产率的影响。我们发现,由此带来的生产率效应中,18%可以归结为关税结构的改变。
September 2021
Journal of Development Economics
研究显示中国地方政府在能够识别债权人的情况下,会选择性地拖欠债务。本文透过分析地方政府债务全面的数据,发现地方政府会选择拖欠政治权力较弱的银行的债务。若一间银行相对于其他银行的政治权力减弱,会增加地方政府选择拖欠其债务的机率。这类选择性债务拖欠取决于银行对政客职位晋升的影响力。当这些地方政客职位较高,或与国家领导人有联系时,因为拖欠银行贷款对他们的晋升机会影响较小,故他们也会较少选择性地拖欠个别银行的债务。研究结果发现政治与金融两者的关系有助约束政府拖欠债务的情况。
September 2021
Journal of Financial Economics
In our target‐initiated theory of takeovers, a target approaches potential acquirers that privately know their standalone values and merger synergies, where higher synergy acquirers tend to have larger standalone values. Despite their information disadvantage, targets can extract all surplus when synergies and standalone values are concavely related by offering payment choices that are combinations of cash and equity. Targets exploit the reluctance of high‐valuation acquirers to cede equity claims, inducing them to bid more cash. When synergies and standalone values are not concavely related, sellers can gain by combining cash with securities that are more information‐sensitive than equities.
August 2021
The Journal of Finance
A common problem in econometrics, statistics, and machine learning is to estimate and make inference on functions that satisfy shape restrictions. For example, distribution functions are nondecreasing and range between zero and one, height growth charts are nondecreasing in age, and production functions are nondecreasing and quasi-concave in input quantities. We propose a method to enforce these restrictions ex post on generic unconstrained point and interval estimates of the target function by applying functional operators. The interval estimates could be either frequentist confidence bands or Bayesian credible regions. If an operator has reshaping, invariance, order-preserving, and distance-reducing properties, the shape-enforced point estimates are closer to the target function than the original point estimates and the shape-enforced interval estimates have greater coverage and shorter length than the original interval estimates. We show that these properties hold for six different operators that cover commonly used shape restrictions in practice: range, convexity, monotonicity, monotone convexity, quasi-convexity, and monotone quasi-convexity, with the latter two restrictions being of paramount importance. The main attractive property of the post-processing approach is that it works in conjunction with any generic initial point or interval estimate, obtained using any of parametric, semi-parametric or nonparametric learning methods, including recent methods that are able to exploit either smoothness, sparsity, or other forms of structured parsimony of target functions. The post-processed point and interval estimates automatically inherit and provably improve these properties in finite samples, while also enforcing qualitative shape restrictions brought by scientific reasoning. We illustrate the results with two empirical applications to the estimation of a height growth chart for infants in India and a production function for chemical firms in China.
1 Aug 2021
Journal of Machine Learning Research
我们研究美国散户投资者如何通过社交传播财经新闻和投资意见。我们首先找出一系列会导致某些投资者进行异常交易的外生事件。基于这些事件,我们追踪投资者的交易行为,尤其是被这些事件影响投资者的邻居。这样样本选择有利于我们研究投资行为在左邻右舍之间的「传染性」。结合流行病学的方法,此研究的情景设置让我们可以估算传讯速率,以及它如何随着潜在投资者群体的特征而变化。
August 2021
Journal of Financial Economics
研究团队收集来自 61 个经济体,合共超过6700间公司的数据,评估企业特质与股票收益表现,以及新冠疫情个案之间的关联性。研究发现,尽管新冠疫情导致股票收益减少,但某些企业录得的跌幅较为轻微,而这些企业具有以下特质:在 2020 年前公司的财务状况较好(如拥有较多现金和未提取的信贷额、较少的总债务和短期债务,以及维持较高的利润水准)、全球供应链和客户地点受新冠疫情影响较小,积极推动企业社会责任的活动,以及较少地位稳固的高管人员。此外,家族企业(尤其是家族直接控股和雇佣职业经理人的家族企业)、大企业或政府控制的企业的股票回报表现较佳,而由对冲基金和其他资产管理公司大量投资的公司则表现逊色。在疫情期间,股票市场给予拥有较低管理层所有权的企业正面评价,却给予拥有较高管理层所有权的企业负面评价。
August 2021
Journal of Financial Economics
The telegraph was introduced to China in the late 19th century, a time when China also saw the rise of modern banks. Based on this historical context, this paper documents the importance of information technology in banking development. We construct a data set on the distributions of telegraph stations and banks across 287 prefectures between 1881 and 1936. The results show that the telegraph significantly expanded banks’ branch networks in terms of both number and geographic scope. The effect of the telegraph remains robust when we instrument it using proximity to the early military telegraph trunk.
August 2021
Journal of Financial Economics
员工可能会通过减少某些工作,暗中学习哪些工作较为重要,并以这些数据来更有效地于未来减少工作。 利用长期雇佣关系的模型,我们归纳了在员工学习减少工作的情况下,制定最佳契约的特征,并分析如何通过管理表现衡量系统,以激发雇员工作动力。 我们研究了两项相关政策:间歇性替换现有措施以及采用新措施。 尽管出现学习减少工作的情况,但最佳契约是不变的,并且可能涉及随机替换/采用的策略,以令员工难以掌握学懂钻制度空子的信息。
1 Jul 2021
The Review of Economic Studies
机构时常依赖同侪绩效评级来分析雇员在工作上独特且难以被察觉的贡献。尽管此举行之有效,然而同侪之间会出现对受评人评级的准确度及资讯效用的差异。在此研究中,我们建立且测试的理论显示,评核者的社交网络地位能有系统地解释上述差异。根据讯息处理理论,我们假设在社交网络中占据核心(外围)位置的成员可获更多(更少)有关受评人的表现的第一及第二手资讯,这与准确的绩效评级关联性更强(较弱)。为了在互相关联的场景设置下取得「真实」的绩效表现评分,我们采用外部标准比较方法作为我们的论点的基准参数。这样,既定的绩效预测指标(即受评人的一般心理能力 [GMA] 和责任心)和同侪绩效评级的有效性系数会增强,从而反映社交网络核心(外围)成员更准确(准备度较低)的评级。在研究一中,我们使用一家技术初创公司的机构网络去研究核心及外围成员对受评人绩效方面的GMA有效性系数。于研究二中,我们尝试在团队网络中复制及延伸研究一的结论,并使用受评人的责任心作为基准指标。两项研究结果均支持上述假设,即核心社交网络成员比外围成员提供更清楚、更准确的同侪绩效评级。
July 2021
Journal of Applied Psychology