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Thought Leadership

Home Research Thought Leadership
Economic measures amid the global pandemic

Economic measures amid the global pandemic

25 Mar 2020
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環球疫情 經濟脈診

過去一年,香港一直處於多事之秋。自2019年年中修訂《逃犯條例》引發社會紛爭開始,直至今年年初街頭暴亂持續,更於1月底遭遇前所未有的「2019冠狀病毒病」(COVID-19),經濟低迷現象每況愈下。隨着疫情在各國廣泛蔓延、惡化,根據世界衞生組織(世衞)最新公布的資料,病例至今總數超過33萬宗,死亡人數約14500。美國作為全球最大經濟體,同樣備受大流行疫情打擊,該國勞工部於3月6日發布2月初的勞動市場報告時指出,2月份非農就業人數增加27.3萬人,失業率維持在3.5%水平,失業人數仍為580萬人,反映出當時美國的經濟及勞動力市場依然穩定。2月中道瓊斯指數尚達29232點,但及至3月中,已跌至19800點,跌幅達32%,股市因不斷觸動熔斷機制而停止交易。

除了股市與油價暴跌,服務業及製造業亦全面停頓,供應鏈中斷,失業率上升。美國聯邦儲備局(聯儲局)3月3日發表聲明,由於疫情對經濟活動構成的風險不斷演變,宣布下調聯邦基金利率的目標區間至0–0.25厘。媒體廣泛報道,特朗普政府計劃推出總值1萬億美元的振興經濟措施,包括減稅、向小型企業提供信貸援助以及全國每人派發現金1000美元等;歐洲國家亦不遑多讓,本月中,歐盟委員會主席馮德萊恩表示,歐盟將啟動一項370億歐羅的投資計劃,以緩解COVID-19對經濟的衝擊,力度之大之快,實屬罕見。

一般的經濟衰退往往牽涉金融危機或債券利率踏入加息周期。正因為當前全球疫情爆發前所未見,目前各國的宏觀經濟政策能否有效應對,尚屬未知之數,振興世界經濟恐怕會比過往更加困難。

供求兩面雙重打擊

COVID-19至今對世界各國經濟的打擊主要在兩方面,一是衝擊供應。中國作為全球主要供應鏈重要一環最先受到疫情衝擊,導致封城隔離,生產停頓,拖累全球主要製造業,供應鏈中斷,令生產難以維持。第二,金融市場的恐慌性崩盤下跌,令投資者對經濟前景信心盡失。隨着各國仿效中國封城閉關,企業要求員工實施遠端工作,以取代實體上班,再加上財富萎縮效應,更進一步打擊市場需求。

需求下降亦可能引發另一次金融危機。自2008年金融風暴以來,許多企業(尤其是美國企業)積累了大量債務,當中部分更屬高風險槓桿貸款之類,並依靠企業的高盈利增長維持。在隔離措施影響下,消費者對餐館、商店、主題公園和公共場所避之則吉,消費以至需求陷於停頓,每每導致企業債務違約,從而令金融市場的信貸及資金鏈斷裂。要從疫情下拯救經濟,的確非常棘手。

量寬財政雙管齊下

本月聯儲局減息半厘,加上油價因沙地阿拉伯和俄羅斯的油價戰而下滑,以致經濟需求面臨危機。在外貿及企業投資同時萎縮的情況下,要防止經濟進一步陷入衰退,唯有刺激消費。香港特區政府就已宣布向每名本地市民派發一萬元現金,但對面臨收入及就業前景不穩定的一般中產人士,派錢實效倒成疑問。

貨幣政策則可用來應對這次困境。現時利率水平雖然低,但聯儲局仍可藉量化寬鬆政策購買企業債券和貸款,降低企業借貸成本,讓盈利受到疫情打擊的企業能夠獲得援助信貸,以渡過這場風暴。隨着過去幾年企業債項的急速膨脹,當中不乏一些高槓桿高風險的借貸,由於市場對當前如此嚴重的疫情毫無準備,當經濟逆轉向下時,金融機構所持有的高槓桿債務風險尤甚。此舉亦有助於收購金融機構的部分高風險債務,以防2008年金融海嘯歷史重演。

當年金融海嘯期間,聯儲局主席貝南奇的量寬貨幣政策,普遍被認為對已經處於接近零利率的周期實質經濟作用不大。經過數階段的量化寬鬆措施,經濟增長不升反跌。貝南奇的觀點是一方面要增加銀行體系的流動資金,以刺激銀行信貸,另一方面則重建市場及投資者對金融市場及銀行體系的信心。

量寬貨幣政策亦須政府財政政策相互配合,才有機會發揮實質經濟刺激作用。要兩者配合,政府當局須同時運用財政政策和貨幣政策,以調節市場的供應和需求。量寬貨幣政策可以增加銀行的流動資金,刺激企業信貸;與此同時,政府把財政開支直接投放於改善或建設基礎設施,在刺激需求之餘,亦可確保就業,長遠而言,有利促進經濟效率。這比直接派錢給市民更具經濟效益。美國現時需要大舉修復基礎設施,這亦將有助增加供應和需求。當前疫情擴散暴露了美國公共衞生基礎設施的盲點,有待政府投放資源,從而提升今後的應對能力。

世界經濟衰退關鍵

經濟衰退的一般成因是資本開支長期處於過度擴張的周期,最後導致資本損失,並窒礙擴張投資意欲。疫症、自然災難及國際糾紛等,亦會打擊經濟供應和需求,引致經濟萎縮。

此外,中央銀行的金融政策失誤同樣能觸發衰退。當央行把政策利率(如聯邦基金利率)維持在長期均衡利率之上時,即等於實施緊縮政策,金融市場的信貸環境隨即出現緊張,而信貸收緊則會阻礙經濟增長。目前美國以外的利率亦已觸底,甚至見負。七國集團的財長已承諾提供財政支援,以紓緩信貸市場的資金流動性,所以現時可排除利率政策導致經濟衰退的可能性。

金融失衡是日積月累的結果。當政府未來債項超出其收入來源,市場預期政府加稅,就會打擊消費及企業投資意欲,嚴重干擾金融體系,進而拖慢經濟增長。若COVID-19可於短期內消退,因政府財政失衡而引發金融風暴的可能性應該不大。另一方面,疫情會造成現金流緊張,對中小企業構成尤其重大的資金流壓力。歐美國家均正盡力通過公共財政政策,協助此等企業渡過難關。

疫情壓境下,環球經濟能否避免衰退,取決於以下因素:疫情的衝擊屬短暫性抑或持久性?各經濟體是否具備潛力條件重建供應鏈?疫情會否結構性削弱勞工市場?經濟需求會否因受疫情打擊,而遭遇永久結構性損失?國際商會和世界衞生組織早前發表聯合聲明,表示將攜手確保隨時為全球商界提供最新、最可靠資訊及適切指引【註】。應對傳染病全球化,必須用上全球化防控措施。要化解這場公共衞生危機,除了各地政府的管控能力以外,還有賴國際以及公私營機構之間的通力合作,缺一不可。

註:國際商會和世衞組織的聯合聲明:私營部門為抗擊COVID-19疫情發出空前的行動呼籲,2020年3月16日

 

謝國生博士
香港大學經濟及工商管理學院金融學首席講師、新界鄉議局當然執行委員

(本文同時於二零二零年三月二十五日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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